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4rJUL21 
Copy_IS? 5 


FILING ARRANGEMENT 
IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGS 

Jtl' ^^ 


/ a ‘> ? K X't 


Provisional Version 


Library of Congress 
Washington 


March 1971 





















FILING ARRANGEMENT 


4rJUL 21 
Copy ..1975 


IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGS 


An Operational Document 
Prepared by 


JOHN C. RATHER 

Specialist in Technical"Processes Research 


Provisional Version 


Library of Congress 
Washington 


March 1971 


































' - 




















































































TABLE OF CONTENTS 


i 


Introduction 



H 




v 


Preliminary Note 


xi 


GENERAL RULES 


1. Basic Filing Order 1 

1.1. Order of Letters 1 

1.1.1. Modified Letters 1 

1.2. Placement of Numerals 2 

1.3* Signs and Symbols 3 

1.3.1. Punctuation 3 

2. Significant Filing Elements 4 


3. Identification of Elements in a Field 5 

3.1. Nonsignificant Punctuation in a Field 5 

3.2. Leading Element 5 

3.2.1. Forenames with Numeration 5 

3.3* Leading Elements in Various Types of Fields 6 

3 . 3 .1. Personal Name Fields 6 

3.3»2. Place and Corporate Name Fields 7 

3.3*3* Uniform Title Fields 8 

3 . 3 *^* Bibliographic Title Fields 8 

3.3*5* Topical Subject Heading Fields 9 

4. Order of Fields with Identical Leading Elements 10 

4.1. Placement of Certain Categories of Leading Elements 10 

5. Order of Subordinate Filing Elements 11 

5.1. Forename Fields 11 

5.2. Surname Fields 12 

5.2.1. Corporate Names with Inverted Initials 

and/or Forenames 13 

5.3* Place Name Fields 13 

5.4. Corporate Name Fields 14 

5.5* Uniform Title Fields 15 

5.5*1* Subordinate Elements of Uniform Title Headings 

and Filing Titles l 6 

5.6. Topical Subject Headings 17 

5 . 7 . Subject Subdivisions 17 

6. Placement of Certain Types of Fields 19 

6.1. Author-Title Fields 19 

- i - 








- 11 - 


6.2. Fields Containing Subject Subdivisions 19 

6.3. Personal Name Fields Containing Form Subheadings 20 

7. Functional Order of Fields 22 

8. Subarrangement of Identical Fields That Have 


the Same Function 23 

8.1. Choice of Title 23 

8.1.1. Uniform Title Headings and Filing Titles 24 

9. Treatment of Identical Filing Entries 27 


SPECIAL RULES 


10. Abbreviations 28 


11. Elements Ignored or Transposed 29 

11.1. Relators with Personal Names 29 

11.1.1. Relators with Corporate Names 29 

11.2. Terms of Honor and Address 31 

12. Hyphenated Words 32 


13. Initial Articles 33 

13.1. Initial Articles in Place Names and Personal Names 38 

13.2. Initial Articles in Corporate Names and Topical 

Subject Headings 39 

13.3. Articles Not in the Nominative Case and Words 

Resembling Articles 4l 

14. Initials and Acronyms 42 

14.1. Initials for Personal and Corporate Names 42 

14.2. Initials Followed by Marks of Omission 42 

15. Names with Prefixes 46 


l6. Numerals 47 

16.1. Punctuation in Numerals 47 

16.1.1. Variation in Punctuation of Numerals 47 

16.2. Numerals in Nonarabic Notation 47 

16.3. Ordinal Numerals 48 

16.4. Fractions 48 

16.5. Decimals 48 

16.6. Subscript and Superscript Numerals 49 

16.7. Dates in a Chronological File 50 

16.7.1. Incompletely Expressed Dates 51 













Ill 


16.7.2. Qualified Dates 52 

16.7.3. Dates with Month and Day 52 

l6.8. Additional Examples 55 

17* Romanization of Letters 57 

17.1. Nonroman Alphabets 57 

17.2. Special Letters 58 

18. Signs and Symbols 59 

18.1. Treatment of the Ampersand 60 

18.2. "Names" Consisting of Symbols 6l 

19. Uniform Titles 63 

19.1. Form Subheadings in Uniform Titles 63 

19.2. Musical Works 66 

19.2.1. Treatment of "Phonodisc" 67 

20. Words with Apostrophes 70 

20.1. Elided Initial Articles 70 

AIDS TO CATALOG USE 71 

Index 76 








































































INTRODUCTION 


These filing rules have been designed to enable the Library of 
Congress, with the least possible effort, to arrange large bibliographic 
files to satisfy a variety of needs. They have been issued in an opera¬ 
tional document to encourage full discussion of their implications for 
the Library and to allow for possible changes before they are adopted. 

To establish a common understanding of why these rules differ in many 
respects from those now in use, it may be helpful to explain the assump¬ 
tions and principles on which they are based. 

Assumptions 

Seven assumptions were basic to the development of these rules: 

1. File arrangement should be hospitable to various kinds of 
uses: searching for a known item with perfect information; searching for 
an item with incomplete or inexact information; browsing. 

2. Basic rules should be applied consistently with as few excep¬ 
tions as possible. Consistency has obvious advantages for filers and 
users, and it facilitates programming for computer filing. 

3. Variations in form among name and subject headings are an 
essential part of the structure of a file arrangement; they should not 
be ignored in filing. It is illogical to construct a heading one way 
and then to file it as if it were constructed another way. 

4. It is impossible to eliminate all (or even most) filing 
problems by revising the rules for constructing headings. In a large 
file, references are required to lead a user from purely formal 



- vi - 

variations of a heading to the one actually used. Thus, the presence of 
such references makes it certain that some filing problems will persist 
regardless of changes in the cataloging rules. In any event, it is likely 
that headings established under various cataloging rules and practices 
will coexist in the LC files for an indefinite period. 

5. The pattern of catalog organization (e.g., dictionary, divided) 
has an effect on the complexity of arrangement but, in itself, no single 
pattern can resolve all filing problems. Moreover, the Library of Congress 
uses alternative patterns for different purposes. Therefore, the rules 

for filing arrangement should be adaptable to all patterns of catalog 
organization. 

6. Rules for arrangement should discriminate among catalog entries 
only up to a point. It is unrealistic to expect the rules to provide 
unique positions for the tiny proportion of entries that would not be dif¬ 
ferentiated by a standard set of filing fields. 

7. The arrangement of the catalog of a large research library 
cannot be self-explanatory. Its complexity is a function of the number 
of catalog entries, and the diversity of the languages and forms of 
material represented. When these factors are compounded by efforts to 
make the catalog responsive to a variety of needs, it is inevitable that 
the arrangement may be inconvenient or confusing to some users. To 
alleviate their difficulties, it is imperative to provide a wide range 
of aids to catalog use. Until this is done, it would be a mistake to 
suppose that difficulties in using a catalog are solely attributable 

to defects in its arrangement. 


VI1 


Principles 

The foregoing considerations led to the formulation of three basic 
principles that shaped the development of these rules: 

1. Elements in a heading should be taken in exactly the form and 
order in which they appear. 

2. Related entries should be kept together if they would be dif¬ 
ficult to find when a user did not know their precise form. 

3- A standard set of fields should be established for each major 
type of filing entry. 

The first principle emphasizes the way a heading looks, not how 
it sounds. Similar elements that differ in form (e.g., numbers expressed 
in digits and those expressed in words) are filed in different positions. 
The inconvenience of having sometimes to look in two places is outweighed 
by the fact that no special linguistic knowledge is required to find a 
numeral or an abbreviation when its printed form is known. These rules 
allow for only a few exceptions to the "file-as-is" principle. 

The second principle acknowledges the fact that the more formally- 
constructed a heading is, the less likely a user is to know its elements 
precisely. Therefore, headings that begin with the same elements are 
grouped in categories to reduce the time needed to browse in a large file 
for a heading that is known incompletely. 

The third principle applies the legal precept De minimis non curat 
lex (the law cannot take care of trifles) as a way of preventing the pro¬ 
liferation of special rules. As a result, in some instances (notably 





viii - 


certain title main and added entries), the standard set of fields may be 
insufficient to differentiate among similar filing entries. It seemed 
unwise, however, to provide for consideration of other information (e.g., 
place of publication) as a means of further arrangement. Special rules 
of this kind are difficult to apply either manually or by computer and 
the nature of the arrangement is frequently not apparent to users. It 
seemed, therefore, that "no-order" filing was the lesser evil since a 
desired item could be found by scanning, as is done now when a user lacks 
full information or does not understand the arrangement or wishes to guard 
against misfiled entries. 

Organization of the Rules 

The rules are divided into four parts: l) a preliminary note 
that defines terms used in the rules; 2) general rules; 3) special rules; 
and 4) a discussion of aids to catalog use. 

The general rules give all of the basic specifications for arrang¬ 
ing a file. They are presented systematically, progressing from those 
of widest applicability to those of mare limited scope. Their effect is 
cumulative so that, to understand any given general rule, one must under¬ 
stand the preceding rules. Each main rule (that is, one with a simple 
numeral like 5) is subdivided by subordinate numbering (e.g., 5.1, 5.2, 
5 *2.1) into subrules related to the same aspect of filing arrangement. 

Special rules cover particular situations that may be encountered 
in applying general rules. Although all rules are numbered sequentially, 
the main special rules are also in alphabetical order by their captions. 



- ix - 


The rules have been written to say what must be done; only rarely 
do they state what is not to be done. Hoye'ver, examples have been used 
lavishly to show the effect of the rules on types of headings not spe¬ 
cifically mentioned in the rules themselves. Almost all of the nearly 
1,200 examples were culled from the LC Official Catalog. A small number 
(about 50) were made up to permit concise illustration of a particular 
rule or to show references that should be made as aids to users. 

Computer Filing 

The ability to arrange bibliographic entries by computer in an 
efficient manner depends on a consistent set of rules for arrangement, 
a machine-readable format that affords adequate identification of key 
elements in a catalog record, and a flexible program for building sort 
keys that can be processed by a sort/merge program. These components 
of a machine filing system are so closely interrelated, however, that it 
is not easy to assess their relative importance. 

The present rules have been designed to satisfy the first 
requirement. Although the primary concern was to obtain arrangements 
that are relatively easy for humans to achieve and to use, the final 
test of the practicality of a rule was whether a computer could be 
programmed to apply it efficiently. 

Clearly it was not possible to make such a decision without con¬ 
sidering the other basic components of a machine filing system. This 
was done by taking account of the content designators (tags, indicators, 
subfield codes) in the MARC format, the capabilities of the SKED (Sort 



- X - 


Key Edit) program developed by the Libraryi/and preliminary analyses of 
the possibility of developing algorithms to implement various specifica¬ 
tions of the rules. 

When all of these factors were considered, it seemed quite fea¬ 
sible to program these rules for computer filing with relatively little 
dependence on manually supplied sort keys. Using these rules as a foun¬ 
dation, the MARC Development Office and the Technical Processes Research 
Office have already cooperatively developed the logical design of an 
expanded version of SKED called LIBSKED (Library Sort Key Edit). The 
development of algorithms to identify and differentiate various kinds of 
leading elements in a filing entry is well under way. A technique for 
processing numerals also has been devised. It is hoped that a program 
with basic filing capabilities will be operational by the end of 1971* 
Thus, the rules presented here may be said to be a cornerstone of a sys¬ 
tem that will eventually enable the Library of Congress to produce book 
catalogs entirely by computer. 

Technical Processes Research Office 
March 26, 1971 


1. For a brief description, see Rather, John C., and Jerry G. Pennington. 
The MARC sort program. Journal of Library Automation, v. 2, September 
1969, 125-138. 



PRELIMINARY NOTE 


The following glossary of terms used in this document will be 
helpful in understanding the specifications for filing arrangement. 
Although the terms and their definitions differ somewhat from those com¬ 
monly used in discussing the arrangement of catalog entries, they are 
intended to permit clear, consistent presentation of the rules. 

Filing Entry : All of the fields that may be considered in 
determining the filing position of an item in a catalog; for example, 
an author heading, title, and imprint date. 

Field : A major component of a filing entry that comprises one 
or more elements (e.g., a heading; a title). 

Element : One or more words that make up an integral part of a 
field (e.g., the surname in a personal name heading). An element and a 
field are identical when the field contains only one element; for example, 
a title. The first element in a field is called the leading element ; the 
others are called subordinate elements . For example, in the personal 
name heading, Carpenter, William, 1871-1944, the leading element is 
Carpenter; William and 1871-1944 are subordinate elements. 

Word: One or more characters set off by spaces and/or marks of 
significant punctuation. 

Character: A character is a letter, digit, symbol, or mark of 
punctuation. Letters may be called alpha characters; digits may be 
called numeric characters. 

- xi - 









Xll 


Significant Punctuation : A mark of punctuation that indicates 
the end of an element. Typical cases include: l) the period after a 
direct order corporate name (e.g., Yale University. Library), 2) the 
comma after a surname (e.g., Johnson, Edgar), 3) parentheses surround¬ 
ing a qualifying term in a subject heading (e.g., Mass (Physics)— 
Measurement). 

Punctuation that does not indicate the end of an element is 
considered nonsignificant. Common instances include: l) a period after 
an abbreviation (e.g., Mr.), 2) a comma to increase readability (as in 
10,000,000 or Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories), 3 ) parentheses 
surrounding a word in a direct order corporate name (e.g., Vickers 
(Aviation) Limited). Although nonsignificant punctuation is generally 
ignored in filing, it may require special treatment in certain situ¬ 
ations (e.g., hyphenation; decimals). 


Figure 1.--Components of a filing entry 


Field 


Vreeland , Frank , 1891 - 

leading \subordinate 
element \ element 


Filing entry 

... . /v- 


Field 


Field 


Tom, Dick and Harry 

t \ t 

word \ character 



significant 

punctuation 


nonsignificant 

punctuation 












GENERAL RULES 


1. Basic Filing Order 

Fields in a filing entry are arranged word by word, and words are 
arranged character by character. This procedure is continued until one 
of the following conditions occurs: 

a. A prescribed filing position is reached. 

b. The field comes to an end (in which case placement is deter¬ 
mined by another field of the entry or by applying one of 
the rules given hereafter). 

c. A mark of punctuation showing a subarrangement intervenes. 

1.1. Order of Letters 

Letters are arranged according to the order of the English alpha¬ 
bet (A-Z). 

1.1.1. Modified Letters 

Modified letters are treated like their plain equivalents in the 
English alphabet. Thus all diacritical marks and modifications of recog¬ 
nizable English letters are treated as if they did not exist; e.g., a, a, 
a, (j>, X, h are filed as a, o, 1, n. The treatment of special letters that 
cannot be readily equated with English letters is described in Rule 17. 
Example 

Hand blows 

Hand book for Prospect Park 
Hand in glove 
Handbok for sangere 

- 1 - 




- 2 - 


Handbook for adventure 
Hande am Pflug 
Hands on the past 
Hapglu [Indie surname] 


1.2. Placement of Numerals 

Numbers expressed in digits or other notation (e.g., roman num¬ 
erals) precede letters and, with few exceptions, they are arranged accord¬ 
ing to their numerical value. According to this rule, all filing entries 
beginning with numerals appear before entries beginning with the letter A. 
Numbers expressed as words are filed alphabetically. Detailed instructions 
for filing numerals are given in Rule l6. 


Example 


1 , 2, and more 

1 , 2, buckle my shoe 

3 died variously 

10 ways to become rich 

13 jolly saints 

112 Elm Street 

838 ways to amuse a child 

1000 spare time money making ideas 

198t 

10,000 trade names 

1 ,000,000 delinquents 

A is for anatomy 

Al+D desert speed run 

Aa, Abraham 

Longitude 30 west 

Longitude and time 

Nineteen eighty-four 

Oberlin College 

One, two, three for fun 

Rubinstein, Akiba 

Ten thousand miles on a bicycle 

Three l4th century English mystics 

Three by Tey 

Thucydides 



- 3 - 


1.3- Signs and Symbols 

Nonalphabetic signs and symbols within a field axe generally 
ignored in filing and the following letters or numerals are used as the 
basis of arrangement (see also Rule l8). 

1.3.1. Punctuation 

Punctuation as such has no place in the collating sequence of 
characters considered in filing arrangement. A mark of punctuation is 
taken into account, however, in two situations: l) when it signals the 
end of an element or field and indicates the need for subarrangement as 
described in the following rules; and 2) when it serves as the sole 
separator between two discrete words (e.g., Mott-Smith; 1951/1952; 1:3) 
and so must be treated as equivalent to a space. 


i 


- k - 


2. Significant Filing Elements 

Elements in a field are taken exactly as they appear with few 
exceptions. Thus, the position of a filing entry is basically determined 
by the order and form of the fields it contains. In some cases, however, 
the filing form of an element may differ from the bibliographic form for 
one or more of the following reasons: 

a. A word may be omitted (e.g., an initial article). 

b. A word may be expanded (e.g., "&" filed as "and"). 

c. A word may be added (e.g., dates in subject subdivisions 
for certain periods). 

d. A word may be relocated (e.g., Ward, Mrs. Humphry is 
arranged as if it were Ward, Humphry, Mrs. ). 

Treatment of specific situations is described in later rules. 



- 5 - 


3* Identification of Elements in a Field 

Elements in a field containing more than one element are gener¬ 
ally indicated by a dash, period, comma, or parenthesis. This rule does 
not apply when these marks of punctuation are not significant (Rule 3*l) 
or under the conditions described in Rule 3.2.1. 

3*1. Nonsignificant Punctuation in a Field 

A field may contain a dash, period, comma, or parenthesis that 
does not indicate the end of an element. For example, a dash in a title 
(e.g., Abraham Lincoln—the seer); a period after an abbreviation (e.g., 
St. Louis); commas used to separate words in a series (e.g., Sears, 

Roebuck and Company); parentheses to set off a word within a name (e.g., 
Vickers (Aviation) Limited). The following guidelines may be helpful in 
discriminating between significant and nonsignificant punctuation: l) sig¬ 
nificant punctuation indicates a formal combination of elements in a field 
2) nonsignificant punctuation occurs as an integral part of a name or 
title. 

3-2. Leading Element 

The leading element in a field is indicated by the first signifi¬ 
cant dash, period, comma, or parenthesis, except when the field contains 
a forename followed by a roman numeral (Rule 3 . 2 . 1 ). 

3.2.1. Forenames with Numeration 

When a forename is followed by a roman numeral (as in a heading 
for a pope or sovereign), the leading element ends before the numeral. 



- 6 - 


3-3- Leading Elements in Various Types of Fields 

In the following sections, examples of leading elements in vari¬ 
ous types of fields are shown by underlining. Bear in mind that these 
examples are not intended to illustrate filing arrays which are covered 
by later rules. An asterisk before an example indicates that it is made 
up. 


3.3.I. Personal Name Fields 

In addition to fields beginning with a forename or a surname, 
personal name fields include cases where entry is made under the distin¬ 
guishing word in a nobleman’s title, the name of a bishop’s see, or the 
name of a family, clan, dynasty, house, or other such group. 

Examples 


a. Forenames 
Aristoteles 

Aristoteles —Bibliography 
Aristoteles . Poetica 

Aristoteles . Spurious and doubtful works 

John , Saint, Apostle 

John Ambrose , Father 

John of Cornwall , fl. 1170 

Moses ben Jacob , of Coucy, 13th cent. 

Nashwan ibn Sa’id al-Himyarl, d. II78? 


Florence (Artist) 

John II Comnenus, Emperor of the East [reference] 
John VII, Pope, d. 707 

b. Surnames 

Brown , Dr. 

John , Alfred 
John-Ferrer , F 

Molina y Vedia de Bastianini, Delfina 



















- 7 - 


Ely , Bishop of, 1506-1515 [reference] 

Ely , Francis Turner, Bp. of [reference] 

Essex , Robert Devereux, earl of, I566-I6OI 

c. Names of families, etc. 

Flanders , Counts of 
Flanders Family 
* Flanders Family —Periodicals 
Flanders Family (Stephen Flanders, d. l6Qk) 


3.3* *2. Place and Corporate Name Fields 

In the following examples place name fields and corporate name 
fields are treated together because a corporate name field may begin with 
the name of a place. The examples also include instances of nonsignifi¬ 
cant punctuation. 

Example s 


Alaska 

Essex Bird-Watching and Preservation Society 

Essex County (N.J.) Medical Society~ 

London —Description 

London Missionary Society —History 


London . County Council 

St. Louis . Board of Education 

Western Highway Institute . Research Committee 

AFL—CIO Conference on World Affairs , New York,•i960 
Africa , British East 
Essex , Eng. 

* Essex , firm, booksellers. New York 
Essex Bar Association , Salem, Mass. 

Essex Co ., Va. 

Smith, Kline, and French Laboratories , Philadelphia 
Wilson , H. W», firm, publishers 

Essex (Aircraft carrier) 

New York (City) 

Thompson (j. Walter) Company 






























- 8 - 


3*3*3- Uniform Title Fields 

For the purpose of determining elements, uniform title headings, 
uniform filing titles, and certain bibliographic titles are treated in 
the same way. The last category includes: l) serial titles when qual¬ 
ified in an added or subject entry; 2) titles of motion pictures, phono- 
records, and other types of nonbook materials when they are qualified 
by a generic term. A qualifying term for nonbook material is contained 
as a subordinate element of the title regardless of how it is punctuated. 

Examples 

Arabian nights 

Mayflower Compact, 1620 

Book of the dead —Dictionaries, indexes, etc. 

Bible . O.T. Greek. 192^ 

Reynard the Fox . Dutch 

Strictly guitar . [Fhonodisc] 

Guillaume (Chanson de geste) 

Life (Chicago) 

Star Spangled Banner (Motion picture) 

3.3.4. Bibliographic Title Fields 

A field containing a bibliographic short title consists of a 
single element. Title added entries are supplied in the required form 
prior to filing and any punctuation they contain is ignored. When a work 
is entered under title, however, the filer must determine the end of the 
short title for himself. It usually occurs at the first mark of punctua¬ 
tion but the sense of the title may require that it be extended beyond 
that point. 












- 9 - 


Examples 


a. Title added entries 

Abraham Lincoln, the marginal man 

Civilization—the next stage 

Dateline: Berlin 
Lost at the South Pole 
Oliver! and his friends 

b. Entries under title 

Adventures for readers [edited by] Jacob ... 
Commonwealth ; a weekly magazine 

Memoirs of General La Fayette , embracing details ... 
The Star spangled banner: being a collection ... 


3 .3*5* Topical Subject Heading Fields 

The following examples show the leading elements of various types 
of topical subject headings and also illustrate cases of nonsignificant 
punctuation. In topical subject headings, a comma followed by a space 
and an uppercase letter is significant. When the following letter is 
lowercase, the comma is nonsignificant. 

Examples 


Amblyopia 

Death in literature 

Flute, saxophone, harp with string orchestra 

Death —Causes 

Government business enterprises —Accounting 
Hotels, taverns, etc .—Austria 

Death , Apparent 

Forestry law and legislation , Colonial 
Lasers , Effect of radiation on 
Necessity, Fort, Battle of, 175^ 


Authority (Religion) 

Charitable uses, trusts, and foundations (Hindu law) 

























10 - 


4. Order of Fields with Identical Leading Elements 

Fields with identical leading elements are grouped together. 

When the leading elements in a group denote different types of entities, 
the order of arrangement is as follows: 

a. Person: (l) Forename 

(2) Surname 

b. Place 

c. Thing: (l) Corporate body 

(2) Topical subject heading 

d. Title 


4.1. Placement of Certain Categories of Leading Elements 

For the purpose of file arrangement, leading elements of the 
following types are considered to be surnames: l) the distinguishing 
word in a nobleman's title; 2) the name of a bishop’s see; 3) "the name 
of a family, clan, dynasty, house, or other such group; 4) part of .a cor¬ 
porate name followed by inverted initials and/or forenames. 

Example 


G-eorge , brother 

George , Alfred "1 filed in one alphabet 

* George (P. W.) and Company J 
George , Ariz. 

George (Yacht) 

* George (The name) [subject heading] 

George [title] 











11 - 


5• Order of Subordinate Filing Elements 

When the leading elements of two or more fields are identical and 
they denote the same type of entity, the arrangement takes account of sub¬ 
ordinate filing elements according to the following patterns. The posi¬ 
tion of a leading element qualified by more than one subordinate element 
is determined by the order in which the elements appear. 


5.1. 


Forename Fields 


The leading element of a forename field may be followed by one 
or more of the following categories of subordinate elements: l) numera¬ 
tion; 2) dates; 3) qualifying words; k) form subheading. When forename 
fields with identical leading elements have subordinate elements in the 
first three categories,they are grouped in the following order: 
a. Forename alone 


b. Forename with numeration 
Forename, date(s) 


^ filed in one sequence 
c. Forename, qualifying word(s) 


In arranging qualifying words within a group, differences in punctuation 


are ignored. 

Example 

*Guillaume 

Guillaume IV, comte de Hainaut 
Guillaume, 13th cent. 

*Guillaume (Artist) 

Guillaume, le Clerc, 13th cent. 

The treatment of form subheadings (category 4 above) is described in 
Rule 6.3* 




12 - 


5.2. Surname Fields 

The leading element of a surname field (as defined in Rule 4.l) 
may be followed by one or more of the following categories of subordinate 
elements: l) forenames, initials, or (in the case of a nobleman, bishop, 
orfkmily) a full name; 2) dates; 5) qualifying words; 4) a word that shows 
the function of the person in relation to a work with which his name is 
associated; 5) form subheading. When surname fields with identical lead¬ 
ing elements have subordinate elements in the first three categories, 
they are grouped in the following order: 


a. 

Surname alone 


b. 

Surname, date(s) 


c. 

Surname, qualifying 

; word(s) 

d. 

Surname, forename 


e. 

Surname, for ename, 

date(s) 

f. 

S ur name, for ename, 

qualifying word(s) 

Examples 



Smith, - 

Smith, -, fl. l64l 

Smith, Mrs. 

Smith, -, pseud. 

Smith, A 

Smith, Albert 

Smith, Albert, 1875- 

Smith, Albert, mining engineer 

Smith, Albert Alonzo, 1904- 

*Essex, Earls of 
Essex, Arthur 

Essex, Arthur Capel, 1st earl of, 1651-1685 
Essex, Don L., 1893- 

Essex, George Capel-Coningsby, 5th earl of, 1757-1839 






- 13 - 


Essex, Richard Hamilton, l802-l855 
Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, 1566-l601 

Ely, Bishop of, 1506-1515 [reference] 

Ely, Aaron 

Ely, Francis Turner, Bp. of [reference] 

Ely, Frank David 

Ely, John Kirkby, Bp. of [reference] 

Relators are ignored in filing as described in Rule 11.1. The treatment 
of form subheadings is described in Rule 6. 3. 

5.2.1. Corporate Names with Inverted Initials and/or Forenames 

The leading element of a corporate name beginning with a surname 
followed by initials and/or forenames ends before the mark of punctuation 
setting off the inverted element. A heading of this type interfiles 
among headings with the same surname. The words following the inverted 
element up to the next period are treated as part of it. Subheadings 
under an inverted corporate heading (e.g., Thompson (j. Walter) Company. 
Market Research Dept.) are treated as separate elements. 

Example 

Bradley, Milton, 1836-I9H 
*Bradley, Milton Albert 
Bradley (Milton) Company 
Bradley, Morton Clark, 1912- 

5.3* Place Name Fields 

When the leading elements of two or more place name fields or 
place names at the beginning of a corporate name field are identical but 
they are qualified by different means, the fields are grouped in the fol¬ 


lowing order: 



- Ik - 


a. Place name alone 

b. Place name followed by parenthetical qualifier 

c. Place name followed by a comma and qualifying word(s) 
Subarrangement within any group is by succeeding subordinate elements. 

The order of the different types of qualifiers for place names 
is the reverse of that prescribed for other corporate names and topical 
subject headings. This exception is considered necessary to group 
together headings relating to the same general place (e.g., the city, 
archdiocese, province, and republic of Florence, Italy). 


Example 


Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Medici) 
Florence 
Florit) 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence 
Florence, 
Florence, 
Florence, 


Archivio di Stato 
Galleria degli Uffizi 
Ordinances, etc. 

Universita 

Universita. Centro di studi coloniali 
Universita. Facolta di agraria 
(Archdiocese) Archbishop, 1513-1523 (Giulio de' 

(Archdiocese) Archbishop, 1962- (Ermenegildo 


(Province) 
(Province) 
(Republic) 
(Republic) 
(Republic) 
Ala. 

Col. 


Camera di commercio ed industria 
Consiglio provinciale 


Laws, statutes, etc. 
Podesta 
Charters 

Chamber of commerce 


S.C. Military prison 


5.4. Corporate Name Fields 

When the leading elements of two or more corporate name fields 
are identical but they are qualified by different means, the fields are 
grouped in the following order: 



- 15 - 


a. Corporate name alone 

b. Corporate name followed by a comma and qualifying word(s) 

c. Corporate name followed by parenthetical qualifier 
Subarrangement within any group is by succeeding subordinate elements. 

Examples 

National Academy of Sciences, Seoul, Korea [reference] 
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 

National Academy of Sciences (India) 


Advisory Committee 

Committee on Nuclear Science 
Highway Research Board 
Highway Research Board. 


National Research Council 
National Research Council. 

on Civil Defense 
National Research Council. 

National Research Council. 

National Research Council. 

Committee on Highway Capacity 
National Research Council. Highway Research Board. 

Future Concepts Committee 
National Research Council. Space Science Board 
National Research Council, Canada 
National Research Council, Canada. 

Building Research 
National Research Council, Canada, 
on Hydrology 


Division of 


Subcommittee 


5*5* Uniform Title Fields 

When the leading elements of two or more uniform title fields 
are identical but one heading is not qualified and the others are, the 
fields are grouped in the following order: 

a. Uniform title alone 

b. Uniform title with qualifier (regardless of punctuation) 
Example 

The Star-Spangled Banner 
Star-spangled banner (Filmstrip) 

Star spangled banner (Motion picture) 

The Star spangled banner. [Phonodisc] 







- 16 - 


5*5*1* Subordinate Elements of Uniform Title Headings and 

Filing Titles 

The subordinate elements of a uniform title heading or a uniform 
filing title may describe l) part of the larger work (including such 
terms as "selections"); 2) language of the text; 3) name of the version; 
and 4) date of the edition. The preceding sequence shows the order of 
subordinate elements if more than one occurs with a particular uniform 
title. In filing arrangement, however, when different types of subordi¬ 
nate elements occur in the same relative position (for example, as the 
second element), the fields are grouped in the following order: 

a. Date 

b. Language 

c. Version 

d. Part 

Examples 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Bible. 

Talmud 

Talmud. English 

Talmud. English. Selections 

Talmud. ’Abodah zarah. German 


Afrikaans. 1933 

English. Authorized. 1968 

English. Authorized. Selections. 1968 

English. For the blind. 1954 

English. Smith. 1944 

English. Selections 

Polyglot. 1514 

Welsh. 1823 

Abdias [reference] 

N.T. English. Ledyard. 1969 

N.T. English. Today’s English. 1969 

N.T. Wendic. 1966 

N. T. Acts. Greek. 1850 

O. T. Spanish. 1935 

O.T. Genesis. English. 1838 



- 17 - 


Talmud. Appendices [reference] 

Talmud. Minor tractates 
Talmud. Selections 
Talmud. Zeba£iim 

Additional instructions for arranging uniform titles are given in Rule 19* 


5.6. Topical Subject Headings 

When the leading elements of two or more topical subject headings 
are identical but they are qualified by different means, the fields are 
grouped in the following order: 

a. Leading element alone 

b. Leading element followed by a comma and qualifying word(s) 


c. Leading element followed by parenthetical qualifier 


Subarrangement within any group is by succeeding subordinate elements. 


Example 


Children 

Children, Adopted 
Children, Vagrant 
Children (international law) 
Children (Roman law) 


5«7* Subject Subdivisions 

In any subject heading field, subordinate elements that follow a 
dash (that is, subject subdivisions) are grouped in the following order: 

a. Period subdivisions 

b. Form and topical subdivisions 

c. Geographical subdivisions 

These distinctions are maintained at every level of subject subdivision. 




\ 


- 18 - 


The treatment of subject subdivisions in relation to other subdivisions 
of the same heading is described in Rule 6.2. 


Examples 


German literature 

German literature—17th century 

German literature—20th century 

German literature—Addresses , essays, lectures 

German literature—History and criticism 

German literature—Yearbooks 

German literature—Alsace 

German literature—Zurich 

German literature in foreign countries 


Catholic Church—Government 
Catholic Church—History— l6th century 
Catholic Church—History—20th century 
Catholic Church—History—1965- 
Catholic Church—History—Bibliography 
Catholic Church—History—Text-books 
Catholic Church—Hymns 

Protestant Episcopal Church in the U.S.A„ 
[abbreviated hereafter as P.E.C.] 

P.E.C.—Missions 
P.E.C.—Sermons 
P.E.C.—-Alabama 
P.E.C.—North Carolina 
P.E.C.—Texas 

P.E.C. General convention 



- 19 - 


6. Placement of Certain Types of Fields 

To obtain coherent groupings of filing entries relating to the 
same entity, the following rules must be observed in arranging three 
types of fields: l) author-title fields; 2) fields containing subject 
subdivisions; 3) personal name fields containing form subheadings. 

6.1. Author-Title Fields 

A field comprising a personal or corporate author and a title 
(e.g., Aristoteles. Metaphysica; Society for Pure English. Tract no. 36) 
is treated as if it consisted of two separate fields containing the same 
information. Thus, with respect to this consideration, no distinction 
is made between a filing entry containing separate fields for an author 
and a title and a filing entry containing an author-title added or subject 
entry for the same work. See Rule 8 for instruction on the arrangement 
of entries under the name of an author. 

6.2. Fields Containing Subject Subdivisions 

A field containing a subject subdivision is treated as if it con¬ 
sisted of at least two parts: the heading proper and the subject subdi¬ 
visions). In the case of author-title fields with subject subdivisions, 
the field is treated as if it consisted of three parts (author, title, 
subject subdivision) to satisfy the requirements of Rule 6.1. In both 
circumstances, the subject heading field is grouped with main and added 

entry fields containing the heading proper. After the functional order 
of the fields has been taken into account (see Rule 7 ), arrangement is 


by subject subdivision. 



20 - 


6.3* Personal Name Fields Containing Form Subheadings 

A personal name field containing a form subheading (e.g., Spurious 
and doubtful works) is treated as an entirely different entity from the 


personal name on which it is based. Such a heading is arranged after all 
main, added, and subject entries relating to that particular person. 
Examples 


Metaphysica [author-title added entry] 

METAPHYSICA [author-title subject entry] 

METAPHYSICA—BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Aristoteles 
Ethica 
Aristoteles 
Metaphysica 
Aristoteles. 

ARISTOTELES. 

*ARIST0TELES. 

Aristoteles 
Poetica » - 
Aristoteles 
Rhetorica 
Aristoteles. 

ARISTOTELES 

ARISTOTELES—BIBLIOGRAPHY 
ARISTOTELES—TRANS IATIONS 
Aristoteles. Spurious and doubtful works 


Rhetorica 


Philadelphia [main entry] 

PHI IADELFHIA 

PHI LADELPHIA—DESCRIPTION 
PHILADELPHIA—POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT 
PHILADELPHIA—WATER- SUPPLY 
Philadelphia. Athenaeum 

ATHENAEUM 
Board of Health 
Centennial Exhibition, 1876 
CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 1876 
CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, l876—GUIDE-BOOKS 
CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 1876—SONGS AND MUSIC 
CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 1876—BRAZIL 
CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, l876—SWITZERIAND 
City Planning Commission 
Free Library. 

Decade of growth, 1951-1960 [bibliographic title] 

Philadelphia. Free Library. Research bulletin 

[series added entry] 


PHI IADELFHIA. 
Philadelphia. 
Philadelphia. 
PHI LADE LPHIA. 
PHI IADELFHIA. 
PHI IADE LPHIA. 
PHILADELPHIA. 
PHI LADE LPHIA. 
Philadelphia. 
Philadelphia. 




21 - 


Philadelphia. Free Library- 
Rules and regulations ... 

PHI IADELPHIA. FREE LIBRARY 

Philadelphia. Free Library. Rare Book Dept. 

PHI IADELPHIA. FREE LIBRARY. THOMAS HOIME BRANCH 
Philadelphia. Free Quaker Meeting House 


22 - 


7* Functional Order of Fields 

When the first fields of two or more filing entries are identi¬ 
cal and the fields denote the same entity, the entries are grouped accord' 
ing to the cataloging function of these fields (that is, their relation¬ 
ship to the work cataloged or their use in the catalog) in the following 
order: 

a. Main entry, added entry, see reference 

b. See-also reference from main or added entry 

c. Subject entry 

d. See-also reference from a subject entry 
Example 

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Pres. U.S., 1882-1945 

[main entry] 

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Pres. U.S., 1882-1945 

[added entry] 

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Pres. U.S., 1882-1945 
see also 

New York (State) Governor, 1929-1952 (Franklin D. Roosevelt) 
U.S. President, 1933-1945 (Franklin D. Roosevelt) 

ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DEIANO, PRES. U.S., 1882-1945 

[subject entry] 

ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DEIANO, PRES. U.S., 1882-1945 
see also 

PRESIDENTIAL CRUISE TO THE GAIAPAGOS ISIANDS, 1938 




- 23 - 


8 . 


Subarrangement of Identical Fields That Have the Same Function 

When the first fields of two or more filing entries denote the 


same entity and they are functionally identical, the entries are arranged 
according to their subordinate fields. The selection of subordinate 
fields for a filing entry must conform to one of four basic patterns: 

a. Type 1: (l) Main or added entry for a person or 

corporate body 

(2) Title 

(3) Imprint date 

b. Type 2: (l) Author-title added entry 

(2) Imprint date 

c. Type 3: (l) Main or added entry under title 

(2) Imprint date 

d. Type (l) Subject entry (including author-title entries) 

(2) All fields of Type 1 or Type 3 filing entry for 
catalog record in question 


8.1. Choice of Title 

Filing entries of Types 1, 2, and 3 can contain only one title. 

In the case of Types 1 and 3, if more than one kind of title is present 
in the catalog record, the order of preference is: l) uniform title 
heading; 2) uniform filing title; 3) romanized title; 4) bibliographic 
title. In the case of a Type 2 filing entry, the title to be used occurs 
as part of the first field. 



- 24 - 


8.1.1. Uniform Title Headings and Filing Titles 

Some of the elements necessary to arrange a uniform title heading 
properly may appear in a uniform filing title field. For example, the 
uniform title heading Arabian nights may be made more specific by giving 
the language of the edition in a filing title field. When this occurs, 
the uniform title heading and the filing title are treated as one field 
which is used in the filing entry. 

Examples 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Arms and the man. 1913 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Arms and the man. 1958 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Arms and the man. Chinese 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Arms and the man. French 
SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950. ARMS AND THE MAN 
Alexander, Nigel 

A critical commentary on ... T Arms and the man’ 

SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950. ARMS AND THE MAN 
Carrington, Norman Thomas 

G. Bernard Shaw: Arms and the man 
Shaw, George Bernard, I856-I95O 
Caesar and Cleopatra. 1913 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950. Caesar and Cleopatra. 19 3U 
[main entry under Ketchum] 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Caesar and Cleopatra. 1952 

SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, I856-I95O. CAESAR AND CLEOPATRA 
Deans, Marjorie 

Meeting at the Sphinx 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 

The complete plays of Bernard Shaw 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Do we agree? 

[main entry under Chesterton] 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Dramatic criticism, 1895-98 



- 25 - 


German 


Saint Joan. 1964 


Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Ellen Terry and Bernard Shaw 
[main entry under Terry] 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Forecasts of the coming century 
[main entry under Carpenter] 

Shaw, George Bernard, I856-I95O 

Die heilige Johanna, see his Saint Joan. 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 

Le heros et le soldat, see his Arms and the man. 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
On language 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Saint Joan. 1924 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950. 

[main entry under Swander] 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Saint Joan. 1966 
Shaw, George Bernard, I856-I95O 
Saint Joan. German 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Selected works. 1956 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Selected works. Russ. 1946 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
Selected works. Russ. 1956 
Shaw, George Bernard, I856-I95O 
Works 

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 

Yin hsiung yu mei jen, see his Arms and the man. 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
You never can tell. 1906 
Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950 
see also 

Shaw Society of America 

SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950 ' • 

Adam, Ruth 

What Shaw really said 
SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950 
Bab, Julius, 1880- 
Bernard Shaw 

SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950 
Henderson, Archibald, 1877- 

Bernard Shaw: playboy and prophet 
SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950 
Henderson, Archibald, 1877- 
European dramatists 


[uniform title] 
[uniform title] 
[uniform title] 
[uniform title] 


French 


Chinese 





- 26 - 


SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950 
Henderson, Archibald, 1877- 

Interpreters of life and the modern spirit 
SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD, 1856-1950 
The Heretics 

[main entry under title] 


The light. 1856 
Light. 1881 
Light. 1890 
Light. 1896 
The light. 1907 
The Light. 1909 
Light. 1923 
Light. 1930 
Light. 1931 
The Light. 1938 
Light. 1942 
The light. 19*0 
The light. 1958 
Light. 1965 
Light. 1968 

CHESS 


[monograph; main entry under Hurley] 

[serial] 

[serial] 

[serial] 

[monograph; main entry under Gorst] 

[serial] 

[serial] 

[monograph; main entry under Rutherford] 

[serial] 

[serial; main entry under another title] 
[monograph; main entry under Hotchkiss] 
main entry under Young] 
main entry under Saint-Marcoux] 
main entry under Kohn] 
main entry under Waller] 


[monograph; 

[monograph; 

[monograph; 

[monograph; 


Abrahams, Gerald, 1907- 
The chess mind 
CHESS 


Abrahams, Gerald, 1907- 
Technique in chess 
CHESS 


Academie universelie des jeux 
[main entry under title] 

CHESS 

Agnel, Hyacinth R 1799-1871 
The book of chess 
CHESS 

Agostini, Or feu Gilberto d’ 
Xadrez b^sico 


CHESS 

Alatortsev, Vladimir Alekseevich 

Problemy sovremennoY teorii shakmat 
[romanized title] 

CHESS 

Alatortsev, Vladimir Alekseevich 
VzaimodeYstvie figur i peshek 
[romanized title] 


- 27 - 


9* Treatment of Identical Filing Entries 

When two or more filing entries are identical, no effort need be 
made to arrange them within their group. In a manual file, the new entry- 
can simply be placed after those already there. This situation occurs 
most commonly with filing entries for titles of various kinds (see Type 3 
filing entry in Rule 8). 

Example 

Light (Motion picture) 1957 
Light (Motion picture) 19^5 
Light (Motion picture) 1968 
Light (Motion picture) 1969 
Light (Motion picture) 1969 
Light (Motion picture) 1969 




SPECIAL RULES 


10 . Abbreviations 

Abbreviations are arranged exactly as written with one exception 

Gt. Brit, is arranged as if spelled Great Britain. 

Examples 

Madame lynch 
Messieurs les fabriciens 
Mister Fish Kelly 
Mistress Anne 

Mladov, Anatolii Grigor’evich 
M’Liss and Louie 
MM-Bi ldfuhr er 

MM. Poule, Laigre & c ie a la guerre 

Mme. Maimee 

Monsieur Beaucaire 

Moon and planets 

Mr. Faithful 

Mrs. Adis 

Mrstfkov^, Bozena 

The great baseball mystery 
Gt. Brit. Ministry of Defence 
Gt. Brit. War Office. Judges Committee 
Great Britain [title] 

Great Britain and Ghana 

Saint, Lawrence Bradford, 1885- 
Saint Agnes School, Loudonville, N.Y. 

Saint-Lambert, Michel de 
Saint Martin, Netherlands Antilles 
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, due de, 1675-1755 
Sainte Anne 

Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 1804-1869 
San Francisco underground gourmet 
Society of Nuclear Medicine 
St. Augustine, Trinidad 
St.-Martin-du-Canigou (Abbey) 

Ste. Genevieve Co., Mo. 

Steacy, Frederick William, 1871- 


- 28 - 





- 29 - 


11. Elements Ignored or Transposed 

This rule considers simple cases in which an element or word in 
a field is ignored or transposed in arranging a filing entry. Complex 
cases or those that fit naturally into a broader rule are treated else¬ 
where (see Rules 13 and 16.7.1). 


11.1. Relators with Personal Names 

Words that show the function of a person in relation to a work 
(e.g., ed., joint author) or his role in a legal action (e.g., appellant, 
defendant) are ignored in filing. 


11.1.1. Relators with Corporate Names 

Words that show the role of a corporate body in a legal action 
are considered in arranging fields. Names qualified in this way are 
grouped after unqualified names used as main and added entries and before 
the unqualified name as a subject heading. This places them also before 
the unqualified name with a subheading. 

Examples 


Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912 
Adventures among books 
Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912, joint author 
An mini stir 0 Ceallaigh 
[main entry under Mason] 

Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912 
Ban and arriere ban 
Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912, ed. 

The blue fairy book 

[editor as main entry] 

Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912 
Historical mysteries 
Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912, tr. 

The Iliad of Homer 

[main entry under Homerus] 




- 30 - 


Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912, joint author 
The King over the water 
[min entry under Shield] 

Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912, ed. 

The lilac fairy book 
Lang, Andrew, 1844-1912 
The mid of France 

Brown, John, 1800-1859 
* Abolitionist speeches 

[min entry under title] 

Brown, John, l800-l859> defendant 
Court of Appeals of Virginia ... 

Brown, John, 1800-1859, defendant 
Last speech 

Brown, John, 18OO-I859 

Testimonials of Captain John Brown ... 

Brown, John, 1800-1859 
Words of John Brown 

Standard Oil Company 

Background data on 100 octane gasoline 
Standard Oil Company 

The Big deep (Motion picture) 

[min entry under title] 

Standard Oil Company 
Denials of justice 
Standard Oil Company 
Digest of laws ... 

[min entry under Palmer] 

Standard Oil Company 
Whose oil is it? 

Standard Oil Company, appellant 

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey ... 

[min entry under Johnson] 

Standard Oil Company, appellant 

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey ... 

[min entry under United States, appellee] 
Standard Oil Company, defendant 
In the Supreme Court of Ohio 

[min entry under Ohio, plaintiff] 

Standard Oil Company, petitioner 

The Standard Oil Company of New York ... 
[min entry under U.S. Dept, of Justice] 
Standard Oil Company, respondent 
The United States, petitioner ... 

[min entry under U.S. Dept, of Justice] 


- 31 - 


STANDARD OIL COMPANY 

Baker, John Calhoun, 1895- 
Directors and their functions 
Standard Oil Company. Co mmi ttee on Reservoir Development 
and Operation 
Joint progress report ... 

Standard Oil Company. Marine Dept. [reference] 


11.2. Terms of Honor and Address 

British titles of honor (Dame, Lady, Lord, Sir) and the terms of 
address for a married woman (e.g., Mrs.) that precede a forename in a 
personal name field are treated as if they followed all of the forenames 
in that field. 

Example 


Reynolds, 
Reynolds, 
Reynolds, 
*Reynolds, 
Reynolds, 
Reynolds, 
Reynolds, 


John Phillips, 1865- 

Sir John Russell, hart., 1828-1896 

Joseph, d. 1872 

Mrs. Joseph [reference] 

Joseph William, 1821-1899 
Sir Joshua, 1725-1792 
Joshua Paul, 1906- 




- 32 - 


12. Hyphenated Words 

Words connected by a hyphen are always treated as separate words. 
This rule applies even when the first part of a hyphenated word is a pre¬ 
fix that sometimes appears as an integral part of a word. 

Examples 

Anti-aircraft defence 
Anti-alien legislation in California 
Anti "block-booking" and "blind selling" 

Anti-Cobweb Club, Foochow 
The Anti-masonic review and magazine 
Antiaircraft defense 
Antier, Daniel 
Antimasonic Party 
Antimo, Angelo d* 

Inter 

Inter-ACT Publication 
Inter-agency Sedimentation Conference 
Inter alia 

Inter-Allied Book Centre, London 
Inter-American Conference on Social Security 
Inter arma 

Inter-governmental grants in 
metropolitan Calcutta 
Inter Kibbutz Economic Advisory Unit 
Inter Lachen, Fla. 

Inter-Lagar Films 
Inter Naciones 
Inter-nos 

The inter se doctrine of Commonwealth nations 
Interacting Fermi Systems 

Interagency Committee on Mental Retardation 
Interallied Club, Paris 


[title] 
[memo card] 
[reference] 

[subject] 


[reference] 

[reference] 

[corporate name ] 
[title] 






13- 


Initial Articles 


Initial articles in the nominative case are generally ignored at 
the beginning of a field whether they appear separately or are elided. 

Table 1 lists definite and indefinite articles in various lan¬ 
guages in the nominative case only (all genders and both numbers), which 
should be disregarded whenever they occur as the initial word of a title. 
In languages having an indefinite article, the word or words representing 
the cardinal numeral "one" also are given. An initial numeral, whether 
used as a noun or an adjective, must always be regarded in filing. Note 
that there are no articles, either definite or indefinite, in Czech, 
Estonian, Finnish, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Serbo- 
Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian and Ukrainian. 

Examples 

Radio 

La Radio agricole 

El radio-amador en las vias del mundo 
The radio amateur 

Le radio-amateur dans le monde entier 

Radio audience measurement 

La radio avanza 

Das Radio-Baubuch 

Radio beams 

The Radio blue book 

Les Radio-clubs du Niger 

Radio designs manual 

Der radio-detektiv 

Enfant, Edouard L T [reference] 

L*enfant abandonee 
Enfant cheri des dames 
L*enfant criminel 
Un enfant d4licat 
Enfant des homines 





Table 1.—Articles in the nominative case in various 
foreign languages 


ENGLISH 

ARABIC 

BULGARIAN 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 


Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 


article 

article 

numeral 

the 

a 

one 

al- 1 

No 

See 

e^nm. 

eAHHT. 


an 


el- 

indefinite 

foot- 

e^Ha 

easa 





article 

note 3 

e"fHo 

e^HO 

DANISH 

DUTCH 

ESPERANTO 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 


article 

article 

numeral 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 


den 

en 

en 

de 

een 

een 

la 

No 

det 

et 

et 

het 

eene 

eene 


indefinite 

de 


een J 

’t 

’n 

6en 3 


article 



6n 1 



66ne 3 





eet * 








6t 3 








ett 3 






i 

FRENCH 

GAELIC, SCOTTISH 

GERMAN 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 


Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 


article 

article 

numeral 

le 

un 

un 

an 

No 

der 4 

ein 

ein 3 

la 

une 

une 

am 

indefinite 

die 

eine 

eine 

r 



an t- 

article 

das 


eins 8 

les 



a’ 








na 

na h- 






1 The Arabic articles "al-” or “el-”, (or the assimilated forms ad-, ag-, ak-, an-, ar-, as-, at-, az-, if used) as initial words of a 
title, though joined by a hyphen to the name or word following, are to be disregarded in filing, e. g. al-Mostatraf is filed under “ M”. 

1 Both Bulgarian and Rumanian have definite articles but as they are added as suffixes to the word which they make definite 
there is no filing problem. 

1 The word written in this form always indicates the cardinal numeral. 

• When“der” is In the masculine singular nominative. 

• In German the numerals “ein” and "eine” are sometimes spaced (e i n ; e i n e) to distinguish them from the indefinite 

article. 

• The form “eins”, as a cardinal numeral, is used only in counting and in expressions of time. 



































































35 


Table 1 (continued)--Articles in the nominative case 
in various foreign languages 


GREEK, CLASSICAL 
(Capitals, lower case) 


Definite 

article 

Transliteration 


•0 6 

Ho 

No 

•Hf| 

HO 

indefinite 

TO to 

To 

article 

Tci TM 7 

TO 


01 oi 

Hoi 


Ai ai 

Hai 


Td ri 

Ta 



GREEK, MODERN 



e^ai 8 els 


’Hi 
T 6 t 6 
Ot oi 
Ai ai 
Td rd 


/xi d 
Iva 


/ila fud 

Iv Eva, 


/if a 

Ef 


HAWAIIAN 

HEBREW 

(Transliterated) 

HUNGARIAN 

Definite 

articie 

Indefinite 

article 

Cardinal 

numeral 

Definite 

article 


Definite 

article 

Indefinite 

article 

Cardinal 

numeral 

ka 

ke 

na 

“0 em¬ 
phatic” • 

he 

hookahi 

kahi 

kekahi 

ha- 10 

he- 

No 

indefinite 

article 

a 

az 

egy 

egy 


ICELANDIC 

IRISH 

ITALIAN 

MANX 

Definite 


Definite 


Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 


article 


article 


article 

article 

numeral 

article 


hinn 11 

No 

An 

No 

il 

un 

un 

yn 

No 

hin 

indefinite 

WA 

indefinite 

la 

uno 

uno 

V 

indefinite 

hi6 

article 


article 

lo 

una 

una 

ny 

article 

hinir 




i 

un’ 

un’ 


hinar 




gli 









le 

r 









gr 

i 



* 



J T<j is the dual case of the definite article In Classical Greek. There is no dual case in Modern Oreek. 

• In Modern Greek the cardinal numeral is quite commonly employed in the vernacular in the sense of the indefinite articles 
"a” or “an. ” The vernacular, or colloquial, form is If at, tut, if a (benas, mia, hena) and the more literary form, which is sometimes 
used, is Hi, nia, if (heis, mia, hen). 

• In Hawaiian the “O emphatic”, used to point out the subject emphatically, seems to be a kind of article and should be dis¬ 
regarded in filing. It is used only with the nominative case, chiefly before proper names and pronouns. It must be carefully dis¬ 
tinguished from the preposition “ 0 ”, in particular, but “O” also serves the Hawaiian language as a noun (with several meanings) 
a verb (with several meanings), an adverb, and a conjunction. 

10 In Hebrew disregard the articles “ha-” and “he-”, when joined to the following word by a hyphen, if such word is the initial 
word of a title. 

11 Hinn, etc., is the form of the definite article in Icelandic, in the nominative case, when it precedes the word or words which 
it limits. 





























































case 


56 


Table 1 (continued)—Articles in the nominative 
in various foreign languages 


NORWEGIAN 


Dano-Norwegian 

(Riksmaal) 

New Norwegian 
(Landsmaal) 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 

1 

article 

numeral 

den 

en 

en 

den 

ein 

ein 

det 

et 

et 

det 

ei 

ei 

de 


een * 

dei 

e 

e 



6n * 


eit 

eit 



€t 3 






ett 3 






6tt s 





PORTUGUESE 

PROVENCAL, OLD 13 

PROVENCAL, MODERN •* 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 

article 

numeral 

0 

um 

um 

lo 

uns 

uns 

lo 

un 

un 

a >* 

uma 

uma 

li 

us 

us 

lou 

uno 

uno 

08 



le 

una 

una 

la 

una 

una 

as 



la 



V 






r 



li 






il 



lis 

' 





lh’ 



lu 






lhi 









los 









las 









les 






RUMANIAN 

SPANISH 

SWEDISH 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 

article 

numeral 

article 

article 

numeral 

See 

un 

un 

el 

un 

un 

den 

en 

en 

foot- ' 

una 

una 

la 

una 

una 

det 

ett 

ett 

note 1 

0 

0 

lo *« 


uno 1 

de 


ene * 



unul ! 

los 





ena 1 




las 







* Both Bulgarian and Rumanian have definite articles but as they are added as suffices to the word which they make definite 
there is no filing problem. 

* The word written in this form always indicates the cardinal numeral. 

“ The word with an accent in Portuguese is not an article and must be regarded in filing. 

u The articles in old and modem Provencal represent a combination of the articles listed by several authorities who do not 
always agree with each other. 

x The use of the word “lo” in Spanish as an article is very restricted. It should be disregarded in filing only when combined 
with an adjective which is used substantively with the force of an abstract noun. 

Lo bueno—the good 
Lo infini te—the infinite 






















































37 


Table 1 (continued)--Articles in the nominative case 
in various foreign languages 


TURKISH (New) 

WELSH 

YIDDISH (Transliterated) 


Indefinite 

Cardinal 

Definite 


Definite 

Indefinite 

Cardinal 


article 

numeral 

article 


article 

article 

numeral 

No 

bir 

bir 

y 

No 

der 

a 

ein 

definite 



yr 

indefinite 

di 

an 

eine 

article ^ 



article 

die 

ein 15 







dos 

eine 1S 



>»*‘Eln” and "eine” are occasionally used in Yiddish in the sense of the Indefinite article. 























- 38 - 


13*1. Initial Articles in Place Names and Personal Names 

Initial articles that form an integral part of place names and 
personal names (including nicknames, sobriquets, and phrases character¬ 
izing persons) are generally regarded in arranging fields. An exception 
is made for English initial articles which are ignored even when required 
to make names intelligible (e.g., An American; The Wash); see also 
Rule 13*2. 


Examples 

La£, Michal 

Las de los sombreros verdes 
Las Hurdes, Spain 
Las que liegaron despues 
Las Vegas Valley 
Las Vergnas, Georges 
Lasa, Jose Maria de 
Lasalle, Albert de 
*Las lastimas 

t 

L*Enfant, Edouard 

[reference] 
[title] 


[reference] 

[title] 


[reference] 


Un, Ekrem Zeki 
Un, Kir-ha 
The un-Americans 


El, Eliyahu Pat- 
E1 

El-Abiad, Ahmed H 1926- 

El A1 Israel Airlines 

El Alamein (Motion picture) 

el-Ayouty, Eisha Yassin Mohamed, 1932- 

El- Baz, Edgard, 1937- 

El-Baz, Farouk 

el-Busaidy, Named bin Saleh 

El Campo, Tex. 

El Curioso parIante 
The El Dorado Trail 
El, ella y el otro 
e 1-Garem, Omar 
El Greco 

El in the Ugaritic texts 
el Kodsy, Ahmad 




- 39 - 


Un de la resistance 

Un des eleves de M. l’abbe Rive 

Un Franfais 

Vers un meilleur avenir 
[main entry under title] 

Un fra^ais 

Le vote des femmes ... 

Un ka khayal 
Un mundo 
Un Tal, pseud. 


[reference] 


[reference] 

[title] 

[title] 

[reference] 


Americam noviter detectam 
An American 
1776-1876 

[main entry under title] 

An American 

The amazing American 

[main entry under title] 

An American 

Constantinople and its environs [reference] 

An American, tr. 

History of the Spanish inquisition 
[main entry under Llorente] 

An American, pseud. 

Alabama claims 

[main entry under title] 

American, pseud. 

A journal of a tour of Italy [reference] 

The American [title] 

American Academy for Jewish Research 


13.2. Initial Articles in Corporate Names and Topical 
Subject Headings 

Articles at the beginning of a field containing a corporate name 
or topical subject heading are disregarded in arranging entries. Articles 
elsewhere in such a field are considered in filing even when they come at 
the beginning of an element. Topical subject headings with inverted ini¬ 
tial articles are treated like other inverted subject headings (see 
Rule 5*6). 



- 40 - 


Examples 


/ / 

Cluain Eanna aris 

The Club, London 

The Club, New Haven 

The Club, Rochester 

A club. 1914 

The club. 1932 

Club. 1950 

[title] 

Club. 1955 

[title] 

The club. 1957 

Der Club. 1969 

[title] 

Club 21, New York 

[reference] 

The Club 1943 

[corporate name] 

Club accounts 



Florence. 

Florence. 

Florence. 

Florence. 

Florence. 

Florence. 

Florence. 


Kunsthistorisches Institut 
La Badia (Abbatia S. Mariae) 

La Nazione [reference] 

L’Espressionismo, 1964 
Liceo scientifico Leonardo da Vinci 
L’ltalica [reference] 

Maggio musicale fiorentino 


West, William 
The West 

The West—Antiquities 
West African botany 

Trees—Thailand 
Trees—The West 
Trees—Tobago 
Trees—U.S. 

Trees—Virginia 
*Trees—West 

Stasis (The word) 
State, Act of 
State, Communist 
State, Corporate 
State, Heads of 
State, Matter of 
State, The 

State aid to education 


[reference] 


[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 



- 4l - 


13*3- Articles Not in the Nominative Case and 
Words Resembling Articles 

In applying Rule 13 care must be taken to identify articles that 
are not in the nominative case and words resembling articles. These 
parts of speech are regarded in filing (see examples under Rule 13*l)* 
[An extended treatment of these pitfalls would be desirable in a filing 
manual. ] 


- k2 - 


14. Initials and Acronyms 

Initials separated by marks of punctuation and/or spaces are 
treated as separate words. Acronyms and initials not separated in any 
way are treated as single words regardless of capitalization. 


14.1. Initials for Personal and Corporate Names 

Initials that stand for the names of real or pseudonymous persons 
or the names of corporate bodies are treated like fuller names of the 
same type and they are grouped before titles using the same initials. 


14.2. Initials Followed by Marks of Omission 

When an initial is followed only by ellipses or other marks of 
omission, the marks are disregarded. If additional letters follow the 
marks of omission, they are treated as if they constitute a new word. 
Thus, in this case, the marks of omission are considered to be equiva¬ 
lent to a single space. 

Example s 
"A." 

*-A — *, tr. 

*A*, tr. 

A***, courte d’ 

A., Dr. 

A ***** f Major, pseud. 

A., A. 

A-, A 

A., B., ed. 

A ..., D. G. de. 

A*, E* 

A., Edwin 

a [title] 

The A.A.A. 

A... a... a... kotki dwa 

A. Alii Majang [reference: forename/surname] 

A.B.C., ed. 







- 43 - 


A.B.C. [title] 

A-B-C der aesthetik 
A, B, C, des Chrestiens 

A. B. E. M. [reference to corporate name] 

The A. B. Gray report 
A batons rompus 
A-C calculation charts 


A-D 


[title] 


A..•••• D«•••• d. L. M.«»•• 

A. G., visconde de 
A-g, Nil 

A. G. [reference to corporate name] 

A.-G. Chemie [title] 

"A. G.»s" Book of the rifle 
A gauche de la barricade 
^ xxxxxxxx h*** 

A. Hall & co. 

A hunting we will go 
A i u e o 
A—ii, A 
A is for abrazo 
A - istov, Petr 
A. M. A. 

A. N. 

A-n, Aleksandr 
A och 0 for ornbud 
A—ov, P G 

A.R.E.A. 

A und 0 
A. V. 

A-v, A1 
A—v, N. 

The A.V. 


[ forename / surname ] 


[title] 


[reference to corporate name] 
[ forename / surname ] 


[reference to corporate name] 
[ forename/surname] 

[title] 


A. V. C. fairy tales 
A v dvukh shagakh—volna 
A-V Explorations, inc. 

A vendre 

A-W chart of nuclear data 

A. Wahab All [reference: forename/surname] 

A. Ward’s wax figger show 
A was an archer 
A-wei, pseud. 

Aa, Pieter van der, 1659-1733 
The AA touring guide 
AB circuit breakers 
The AB-Z of winemaking 
AbaG, pseud. 

ABC, Madrid [corporate name] 





- kh - 


ABC [title] 

ABC der optik 

The ahc of British Railways locomotives 
ABCDeFOBI 
ABE 
Abem 
ABGIIA 
ACME 

Acme Code Company 
ACT now 
ACTION 
Action Group 
Adefa 
ADLIB 

Aid for federally affected schools 
AMA hook of employment forms 
Amherst College 

ANA-AAAA Interchange [reference to corporate name] 
APICS bibliography 
Applied business law 
Area 

Area analysis 
AYaLeL 


[reference to corporate name] 
[corporate name] 

[title] 

[reference to corporate name] 
[title] 

[corporate name] 

[corporate name] 

[corporate name] 

[title] 


[corporate name] 

[reference to personal name] 


U., A ., tr. 

U, Chang-ch’un, 1898-1959 
U 20 [title] 

The "U.A." (private) telegraphic code 
U Ba Tin [reference: forename/surname] 

U-boat killer 
U rodnym krai 

U.S. [main entry; new style] 

U.S. [reference] 

U.S., appellant 
U.S ., re spondent 
U.S. Adjutant-General’s Office 
U.S. AID Mission in Vietnam 
U.S. Youth Conservation Corps 


U.S. 1 

[title] 

U.S.A. 

[title] 

U.S. and Canada 


U.S. Grant Album 


U.S. -iana 

[title] 


The U.S. in a revolutionary world 
Uasarken II, King of Egypt 
The undetective 

United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 



- 45 - 


United States 

United States 

United States, appellant 

United States, respondent 

The United States and Canada 

US 


[main entry; old style] 
[reference] 


[title] 


NOTE 

To attain greater consistency in the arrangement of initialisms 
under the provisions of Rule 14, when a catalog record is prepared, 
spaces could be inserted in initialisms that are not already separated 
by spaces or marks of punctuation. Thus ABC, Madrid, in the first example 
could be established as A B C, Madrid, so that it would file between 
A.B.C., ed., and A.B.C. [title]. An initialism in a bibliographic title 
could be treated in similar fashion. The decision as to whether a string 
of capital letters is an initialism or an acronym could be made most 
conveniently by the cataloger. 


- k6 - 


15• Names with Prefixes 

A prefix that is part of the name of a person or place is treated 
as a separate word unless it is joined to the rest of the name directly 
or by an apostrophe without a space. 


Darby, William 

D'Arcy, Ella 

De, Harinath, 1877- 

De Forrest, Charlotte Burgis 

De Kalb, Ill. Public Schools 

De la Torre, Teofilo 

De Laubenfels, Max Walker, lQ9k- 

De Morgan, William Frend 

De’Ath, Wilfred, 1937- 

Death, William A 

DeCasseres, Benjamin 

Deformation of solids 

Del Mar, Eugene 

Delau, Marc 

Delaware Bay shore 

Dell service book 

Della brevita della vita 

Della-Piana, Gabriel Mario, 1926- 

Della Torre, Luigi 

Dellagiovanna, Emil, 1909- 

Dell 'Agnolo, Maddalena 

D'Entrecasteaux Islands 

DeKalb, Tex. 

Dos Passos, John, 1896- 
Dos Rios, Cuba 
Dosa, Rudolfne 
Dospanova, Khivaz 
Dracula 

Du Hamel, William James 
Du Jeu, Emmanuel, vicomte 
Dugout jinx 
Duhamel, Raoul 
Duhau, Alfredo 




- 47 - 


l6. Numerals 

Numbers expressed in digits or other notation (e.g., roman num¬ 

erals) precede letters and, with few exceptions, they are arranged accord¬ 
ing to their numerical value (Rule 1.2). The following rules govern the 
specific arrangement of numerals within their own group. 

16.1. Punctuation in Numerals 

Punctuation used to increase the readability of a numeral is 
treated as if it did not exist. Punctuation used in other ways (e.g., 
decimals; separation of numerals) is treated as a space (see also Rule 
16.5 for treatment of decimals). For example, 1,000 is equivalent to 
1000 , but 1948/1949 is equivalent to 1948 1949* 

16.1.1. Variation in Punctuation of Numerals 

Punctuation of numerals depends on national usage. Although a 
comma is generally used for readability and a period to introduce s dec¬ 
imal, the meaning of these marks of punctuation may be reversed in par¬ 
ticular cases. Care should be taken to determine the function of a 
punctuation mark before deciding how it is to be treated in filing. 

16.2. Numerals in Nonarabic Notation 

Numerals in nonarabic notation are interfiled with their arabic 
equivalents (e.g., XX is treated like 20). In the absence of any specific 
indication, such numerals are treated as cardinal numerals. 



- 48 - 


16.3* Ordinal Numerals 

An ordinal numeral files immediately after the cardinal numeral 
of the same value (i.e., 8, 8th, 9, 9th, etc.)* Note, however, the treat¬ 
ment of an ordinal numeral in a chronological subdivision of a subject 
heading in Rule 16.7. When ordinality is indicated by a period after a 
numeral (e.g.* 1§, to convey l8th in German), it is interfiled with, car¬ 
dinal numerals by the next word. 


16.4. 


Fractions 


A fraction is arranged as if the numeral above or to the left 
of the line (i.e., numerator) and the numeral below or to the right of 
the line (i.e., denominator) were separate numerals. In arranging frac¬ 
tions, the numerator is considered first (e.g., l/2 and — are treated 
like 1 2). Fractions combined with whole numerals are considered to be 
separate f^om them even if there is no space between the whole numeral 


an^ the fraction. 


16.5. Decimals 

Numerals after a decimal point are arranged digit by digit, one 
place at jf a time. Decimal numerals that are not combined with a whole 
numeral (e.g., .45) are arranged before the numeral "1". Decimal num¬ 
erals that are combined with a whole numeral .are arranged after all 
entries with the same whole numeral alone. 



- 49 - 


1 6 . 6 . Subscript and Superscript Numerals 

Subscript and superscript numerals are treated like separate 

c 

whole numbers if they are associated with numerals (e.g., 10° is treated 
as if it were 10 6). When subscript and superscript numerals are asso¬ 
ciated with letters, they are considered part of the same word (e.g., 

H 2 O is treated as if it were H20). 


Examples 


. 3 OO Vickers machine gun mechanism made easy 
003 “inch machine guns and small arms 
45-70' rifles 
1:0 f*ur Dich 
123 ion Christmas 
The 1-2-3 guide to libraries 
Het 1, 2, 3 van de economie 
1, 2, 3*s 

1, 2, buckle my shoe 

l/3 of an inch of Erench bread 

1,3“shifts 

1-4-5 boogie woogie 

l/4 famba y 19 cuentos mas 

l/lOth hours of 48 hours a week pay roll wage calculator 
$1 contest library series 
if life 

1 uit 7 

#1 World Way 

l-Y's for mental reasons 

2 [title] 


2,l/2 minute talk treasury 
2° is 64 

II-VI semiconducting compounds 
2 anni dopo 

The $2 window on Wall Street 
Le 2 e plan Beveridge 


3 [title] 

3 l/2 monate Fabrik-arbeitern 

3/3's 
3/4 for 3 

3-5-7 minute talks on Freemasonry 
3:10 to Yuma 
3 and 30 watchbirds 

3 a's: art, applied art, architecture 



- 50 - 


3- D scale drawing 
3 died variously 

3 point 2 and what goes with it 

3 vo 3^5 
3M Company 

3.l4l6 and all that 
The 3*2 beer law ... 

4- 3-3 systeem 
4-19-69, pseud. 

4 cuentos 

Die 4 Elemente 
IV fireworks 

4- H Club conservation activities 
4H/1P, music for piano 

La IV™^ race 

5 l/ 2 : reflections on an age 

5:5 

The 5"/38 gun 

5 against the house 

5 BX plan for physical fitness 

5- M Co. 

5A and 5B 

6 , 5 , 4, 3 , 2 , 1 

5,000- and 10,000-year star catalogs 

The 5000 and the power tangle 

5.000 aftos de historia 

The 5,00° fingers of Dr. T 

5000 Jahre Bier 

5.000 kilometres dans le sud 

$5,000 reward; or, The missing bride 


16 . 7 . Dates in a Chronological File 

In a chronological file (e.g., period subdivisions under the 
name of a place as subject; personal name with date) dates are arranged 
according to proper chronology so that B.C. dates precede A.D. dates in 
inverse numerical order. When a B.C. date occurs in other situations, 
however, it is treated like any other whole number. 


- 51 - 


l6.7»l* Incompletely Expressed Dates 

A historic time period that is generalized or expressed only in 
words is treated as if it consisted of the full range of dates for the 
period. For example, l6th century is arranged as 1500-1599 and under 
U.S.—History, Civil War is arranged as 186I-I865. A period subdivision 
in the form of "To [date]"is treated as if it were 0-[date] (e.g., To 1517 
is arranged as 0-1517)* Period subdivisions are arranged chronologically 
even when the dates do not appear first. Geologic time periods are 
arranged alphabetically. 

Examples 

U.S.—Foreign Relations—Revolution [1776-1782] 

U.S.—Foreign Relations—I785-I865 
U.S.—Foreign Relations—1789-1797 

U.S.—Foreign Relations—Constitutional Period, 1789-1809 

Egypt—History—To 552 B.C. [O -552 B.C.] 

Egypt—History—Ancient to 640 A.D. [0-640 A.D.] 

Egypt—History—552-5° B.C. 

Egypt—History—Graeco-Roman period, 552 B.C.-640 A.D. 

Egypt—History—5° B.C.- 640 A.D. 

Egypt—History—640-1250 
Egypt—History—640-1882 

India—History—Early to 524 B.C. [0-524 B.C.] 

India—History—524 B.C.- 1000 A.D. 

India—History—1000-1526 
India—History—I5OO-I765 
India—History—l8th century [1700-1799] 

India—History—British occupation, 1765-1947 • 

India—History—Rohilla War, 177^ 

India—History—19th century [1800-1899] 

India—History—Mutiny, 1809 

English fiction—Middle English (1100-1500) 

English fiction—Early modern (to 1700) [I5OI-I7OO] 

English fiction—l8th century [I7OO-I799] 

English fiction—19th century [l800-l899l 
English fiction—20th century [19°°-1999] 



- 52 - 


l6.7«2. Qualified Dates 

In a personal name field, qualifications of dates (e.g., b., ca., 
d., f1 ., ?) are ignored in filing and the dates are treated like their 


unqualified equivalents. 


Example 


Brown, 

John, 

I6l0?-l679 

*Brown, 

John, 

1610-1680 

Brown, 

John, 

16967-1742 

Brown, 

John, 

18th cent. [1700-1799] 

Brown, 

John, 

1715-1766 

Brown, 

John, 

1800-1859 

Brown, 

John, 

b. 1817 

Brown, 

John, 

1819-1840 

Brown, 

John, 

d. 1826 

Brown, 

John, 

1826-1883 

Brown, 

John, 

d. 1829 

Brown, 

John, 

1847- 

Brown, 

John, 

fl. 1854 

Brown, 

John, 

1878- 

Brown, 

John, 

1914- 

Brown, 

John, 

1936- 

Brown, 

Mrs. 

John, 1847-1935 

Brown, 

John A. 


[information card] 


[reference] 


16.7.3. Dates with Month and Day- 

Dates that include the month and day as well as year are treated 
as if they were in year-month-day order regardless of the actual form and 


the months are arranged in calendar order. 


Example 


Muller, 

Hans, 

1896- 



Muller, 

Hans, 

Apr. 

20, 

1900- 

Muller, 

Hans, 

Oct. 

22, 

1900- 

Muller, 

Hans, 

Oct. 

27, 

1900- 

*Muller, 

Hans, 

Dec. 

25, 

1900- 

Muller, 

Hans, 

1902- 






- 53 - 


l6.8. Additional Examples 

The following examples are given to show the effect of Rule 16 
on the arrangement of headings with internal numerals. They do not illus 
trate any new principles of arrangement. 

Examples 


*U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 


, respondent [new style heading] 

1st Congress, 1st session, 1789. House 1/ 

1st Congress, 2d session, 1790. House 

1st Congress, Jd session, 1790-1791. House 

1st Congress, 1789-1791 

1ST CONGRESS, 1789-1791 

1st Congress, 1789-1791* House 

1ST CONGRESS, 1789-1791* SENATE 


2d Congress, 1st session, 1791-1792 

2d Congress, 1st session, 1791-1792. House 

2d Congress, 2d session, 1792-1793* House 

2D CONGRESS, 1791-1793—BIBLIOGRAPHY 

20th Congress, 1st session, 1827-1828. House 

20TH CONGRESS, 1827-1829 

kOth Congress, 1st session, 1867. Senate 

40th Congress, 2d session, 1867-1868 

10th Congress, 3d session, 1868-1869. House 

60th Congress, 1st session, 1907-1908 

80th Congress, 1947-19^8 

91st Congress, 1st session, 1969 

1st session, 1969* House 
1st session, 1969* Senate 
2d session, 197° 

2d session, 197°. House 
2d session, 1970. Senate 


91st Congress, 
91st Congress, 
91st Congress, 
91st Congress, 
91st Congress, 


A.I.D., Indonesia [reference] 


The following headings show the relative position of other 
headings for the U.S. Congress 

U.S. Conciliation Service 
U.S. Congress 

U.S. Congress. Aviation Policy Board 
U.S. Congress. Conference Committees, 1953 


1. Until recently, the words Congress and session were abbreviated in 
this type of heading, but the abbreviations do not affect the arrange 
ment since they are used consistently for each Congress. The pre¬ 
ferred full form is shown here for the sake of simplicity. 





U.S. Congress. House 
U.S. Congress. House. Task Force on 
International Labor Organizations 
U.S. Congress. Senate 
U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee 
on Housing and Urban Affairs 
U.S. Congress. Special Subcommittee 

on H. Res. 920 [reference] 

U.S. Constitution 


U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

*U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

*U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 

U.S. 


ARMY— 

-YEARBOOKS 


Army. 

1st Advanced Infantry Training Brigade 

Army. 

1st Air Cavalry Division 


Army. 

1st Armored Division 


Army. 

1st Army 

[reference] 

Army. 

1st Artillery 


Army. 

1st Cavalry 


Army. 

1st Cavalry (Volunteer) 


Army. 

1st Cavalry Division 


Army. 

1st Corps Area 

[reference] 

Army. 

1st Division 


Army. 

1st Dragoons 

[reference] 

Army. 

1st Gas Regiment 


Army. 

1st Infantry 


Army. 

1st Infantry (Sharpshooters) 

[reference] 

Army. 

1st Infantry Division 

Army. 

1st Military District , Richmond 


Army. 

1st Military Railway Service 


Army. 

1st Ranger Battalion 


Army. 

II Corps 


ARMY. 

2D ARMORED DIVISION 


Army. 

2d Artillery. Light Battery M 


Army. 

2d Cavalry 


Army. 

2d Chemical Mortar Battalion 


Army. 

2d Division 


Army. 

2d Dragoons (Light) 

[reference] 

Army. 

2d ECA Regiment 

[reference] 

Army. 

2d Engineer Special Brigade 

[reference] 

Army. 

2d Infantry 


Army. 

2D LIGHT DRAGOONS 


Army. 

3D CAVALRY 


Army. 

3d Infantry 


Army. 

47th Coast Artillery 


Army. 

47th Infantry 


Army. 

85th Division 


ARMY. 

86 TH INFANTRY. 3D BATTALION 


Army. 

103d Aero Squadron 


ARMY. 

112TH INFANTRY 





- 55 - 


U.S. Army, 113th Cavalry Group 
U.S. Army. 402d Civil Affairs Company 
U.S. Army. 504 th Infantry 
U.S. ARMY. 805TH INFANTRY 

U.S. Army. 1264th Engineer Combat Battalion 
U.S. Army. 1629 th Engineer Construction 
Battalion 

U.S. Army. 3060th Engineer Topographical 
Company 

U.S. Army. AAA Command 

U.S. Army. Adjutant General’s Corps 

The next two groups of examples show the relative 
certain other headings under U.S. Army 


U.S. Army. Finance Center, Fort Benjamin 
Harrison, Ind. 

U.S. Army. First Army 

U.S. Army. First Battalion of California 
Mountaineers 

First Corps Area 
First Service Battalion 
First Service Command 
First Team 
Fitzsimmons General 


U.S. Army. 
U.S. Army. 
U.S. Army. 
Army. 
Army. 


U.S. 

U.S. 


Hospital, Denver 


U.S. Army. 
U.S. ARMY. 
*U.S. Army. 
U.S. ARMY. 
U.S. ARMY. 
U.S. ARMY. 
U.S. Army. 


Iceland Base Command 
INDIAN SCOUTS 
Infantry 
INFANTRY 

INFANTRY—DRILL AND TACTICS 
INFANTRY—SONGS AND MUSIC 
Infantry School 


Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 
Piano music 


(l hand) 

(l hand). Arranged 
(2 hands) 

(2 pianos) 

(2 pianos), Arranged 
(2 pianos, 6 hands) 
(2 pianos, 8 hands) 
(3 hands) 

(3 pianos) 

(4 hands) 

(4 pianos) 


[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

position of 


[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 



- 56 - 


Piano music (Boogie woogie) 
Piano music (Jazz) 


Quartets 

^Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

Quartets 

*Quartets 


(2 accordians, cornet, drum) 

(2 flutes, viola, violoncello) 

(2 horns, viola, violoncello) 

(2 pianos, 2 violins) 

(2 pianos, flute, viola) 

(2 pianos, violin, violoncello) 

(2 zithers, violin, viola) 

(3 cornets, drum) 

(3 recorders, violin) 

(4 guitars) 

(4 harps) 

(Accordian, clarinet, guitar, double bass) 
(Accordians, ... [reference] 


NOTE 

If the arrangement of headings with internal numerals is con 
sidered to be unsatisfactory for a given type of heading, a different 
order may be obtained by altering the heading so that the numeral is 
in a different position or omitted entirely. For example. Quartets 
(2 pianos, 2 violins) might be changed to either Quartets (Pianos 2, 
Violins 2) or Quartets (Pianos, violins). To alter a name heading in 
these or other ways would, of course, require a change in the Anglo- 
American Cataloging Rules . 





- 57 - 


17* Romanization of Letters 

Letters in a filing entry are limited to letters of the English 
alphabet (A-Z). Nonroman letters or special letters that are to be con¬ 
sidered in filing must be converted to this alphabet. Bibliographic 
titles that are entirely in a nonroman alphabet present no special prob¬ 
lems because they are romanized as part of the cataloging process. Non¬ 
roman or special letters that appear as part of a roman alphabet title 
must be romanized when the filing entry is formulated. Instructions for 
handling particular cases are given in Rules 17*1 and 17*2. 

17.1. Nonroman Alphabets 

When letters in a nonroman alphabet appear as part of a roman 
alphabet title, they are romanized for filing according to the romaniza- 
tion table used for cataloging purposes. Since this situation most fre¬ 
quently involves Greek letters, the romanization table for Greek is given 
below. 


MODERN GREEK TRANSLITERATION* 


A 

a 

a 


I 

t 

• 

l 



•p 

0 

rh 

B 

0 

b 


K 

K 

k 



2 

0 

8 

r 

y 

g (7 before y, 

A 

A 

l 



T 

T 

t 




*, X=») 

M 

P 

m 



T 

U 

y 

A 

8 

d 


N 

V 

n 



< 5 > 

<t> 

ph, 

E 

« 

e 


— 

{ 

X 



X 

X 

ch 

Z 

r 

2 


0 

0 

0 



* 

* 

ps 

H 

V 

e 


n 

T 

V 



a 


d 

0 

e 

th 

Ai 01 ai 

p 

P 

r 

Eu 

eu 

eu 






Av av au 




Hu 

IJU 

€u 






Au au ay 




Ou 

ou 

ou 




Spiritus asper (*)=A, e. g. , EraipIa=Hetairia. 




Examples 


- - 58 - 


A. B. A. V. 

A B & C schools publication 
a-, & - and 1 -spectroscopy 
A. B. C. 

A.-G. Chemie 

Oil 

a- y directional correlation in Po^- 1 - 1 - 
A-G-E bulletin 


[reference] 
[series] 

[title] 


Ato Shobo, Tokyo 

The ATO story: from gold to diamond 
The ATO story, the first fifty years 
Atoar Rahman [reference] 


17.2. Special Letters 

Several languages that use the roman alphabet also employ special 
letters that have no immediately recognizable equivalents in that alpha¬ 
bet. The following list shows how these letters are treated. 


Language 

Anglo-Saxon 

German 

Icelandic 


Letter 

3 

& 

s 

p 


Filing value 


g 


ss 


d 

th 


Turkish 


Example 

Thorarensen, L^rus 
Porarinn Loftqnga, 11th cent. 
t»orarinsson, Arni, 1860-1948 
Thorarinsson, Benedikt SigurJur 
Thord-Gray, I 

t>6r£ar saga hre£u [uniform title heading] 

Thordarson, Agnes 
£6r#arson, Bjorn, 1879 - 
Thordarson, Leo, 1909- 







- 59 - 


18. Signs and Symbols 

Nonalphabetic signs and symbols are generally ignored in filing 
and the next letters or numerals are used as the basis for arrangement. 
Exceptions to this rule are described in Rules 18.1 and 18.2. Note also 
that a nonalphabetic sign that looks like a letter (e.g., x as the sign 
of multiplication) is filed as a letter. 

Examples 

100 alphabets publicitaires 
lOOJt American (Motion picture) 

100 anni di educazione fisica 
The $100 bond news 
100 chapel talks 

IOO 56 cooperation with the United States 

100 embalming questions answered 

$100 gets you started 

100 jg histoire d'un patriote 

100 Jahre Brennerbahn 

Las 100 mas famosas noveins 

* 100 j 2 * on the dollar 

100 percent insurance on ship mortgage 

* The £100 pound wager 
100 pounds of popcorn 
100 x Zeichnen und Malen 
100 years an orphan 

1:0 fur Baby 

1+1 [English title] 

1+1=1 [English title] 

123 for Christmas 

1+12=13 [German title] 

1 see k [title] 

lxl der Kunstharzpresserei 

lxl der Taktik 

1-Y * s for mental reasons 


See also examples under Rules 14.2 and l6.6. 





-6 o - 


l8.1. Treatment of the Ampersand 

The ampersand (&) is treated as if spelled out in the language of 
the field being filed. The English equivalent ("and") must be supplied 
when the filing entry is formulated, but foreign equivalents may be given 
as part of the catalog entry. The following list shows the filing form 
for an ampersand when used in conjunction with words in various European 
language s: 


Language 

Filing value 

Danish 

°g 

Dutch 

en 

French 

et 

German 

und 

Italian 

e ("ed" before words 
beginning with "e 

Latin 

et 

Norwegian 

°6 

Portuguese 

e 

Rumanian 

si 

Spanish 

y ("e" before words 
beginning with 
"i" or "hi") 

Swedish 

och 


Examples 

A Alfonso Reyes, 17 de mayo de 19^-9 
A & B poetry [series] 

A & B roads motoring atlas of Great Britain 
A and G motor vehicle year book 
A & 0 International 

A and P Company [reference] 





-61 - 


A estrela sobe 

* A & B Internationale [& filed as "et"] 

A. F., ed. 

A un joven socialista mexicano 
A und 0 

A & 0 Osterreich 

A & 0 Zentralkontor Ges.m.b.H. [reference] 

A une courtisane 

18.2. "Names" Consisting of Symbols 

When the leading element of a filing entry consists only of symbols 
(e.g., *** as a pseudonym), the entry is arranged at the beginning of the 
file before the lowest numeral. Fields containing "names" of this kind 
are grouped in the following order: 

a. Symbols with or without relator 

b. Symbols with qualifying term(s) 

c. Symbols with forename(s) 

Within each of these groups, references beginning with a "name" in symbols 
are subarranged by the heading referred to, before added entries which are 
subarranged by bibliographic title. Differences in the symbols used have 
no bearing on the arrangement. 

Example 

***-*, tr. 

see Pereira da Costa, Constantino 
*** 

see Seton, William 

vv_v 

AAA 

Die algerische Revolution 

v ? ? 

• • • 

Un aventurier vous parle 
* * * 

Demain... l’armee franqaise 



- 62 - 


_ ? 

■ ■ ■ * 

East and west 

"?” The Layton court mystery 
*? 

Recollections of three kaisers 
***, ed. 

Vitrine XIII 

? 

• • • • • • • 

Zjebany nawozenja 
***, abbe 
***, avocat 

_ } Bishop of 

* * 

* , Landgerichtsdirektor 

* Mademoiselle de 
Mme de 

**, Mr. 

* * 

* , pseud. 

Der giftbau 

Ft!, pseud. 

The language of the stars 

* * *, U.S. Army 

* * *, Alphonse 
-, James J 

* * *, Marie 


[reference] 


[reference] 


[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 







- 63 - 


19* Uniform Titles 

The following rules deal with special cases of subarrangement of 
uniform title fields. The first rule is an extension of Rule 5»5j the 
second is, in part, an exception to it. The examples under Rule 19.1 
serve to illustrate not only that rule hut also other features of the 
arrangement of entries under uniform titles as provided for in Rule 5* 5* 1* 
Rule 8, and Rule 9« Note especially the order of entries under Bible, 
the most complex of all uniform title headings. 


19.1. Form Subheadings in Uniform Titles 

A uniform title may include one of the following form subhead¬ 
ings: Harmonies; Lessons, Liturgical; Manuscripts (with or without a 
language); Paraphrases; Selections. For the purpose of arrangement, 
these subheadings are treated as equivalent to parts of the larger work, 
with the exception noted in Rule 19.2. Thus, they are interfiled with 
subheadings for specifically named parts of the same work. 

Examples 

Upanishads 

1898 [imprint date; bibliographic title ignored] 

Upanishads 

1912 

Upanishads 

1953 

Upanishads. 

1953 

Upanishads 

1967 

UmNISHADS 

Banerjee, Hiranmay, 1905 ... 

UPANISHADS 

Godel, Roger 

UPANISHADS 

Sharma, Vidya Sagar 




- 64 - 


UPANISHADS—BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bengali and Sanskrit. Selections 

English 

English. Selections 
Hindi 
Yiddish 

Aitareyopanigad 
Aitareyopanigad. English 
ilopanisad 

ISOPANI§AD—CRITICISM, 
INTERPRETATION, ETC. 

Upanishads. Isopanisad. English 

1968 

Upanishads. Prasnopanisad 

1944 

Upanishads. Prasnopanigad. English 

1929 

Upanishads. Selections 
I 960 

Upanishads. Taittiriyopanigad 

1942 

Upanishads, Gita and Bible 

BIBLE—ANTIQUITIES 
BIBLE—HISTORY 
BIBLE—VERSIONS 
Bible. Armenian, i860 
*Bible. Dutch. States-general version. 1886 
Bible. Dutch. Paraphrases. 1964 
Bible. Dutch. Selections. 1942 
BIBLE. ENGLISH—BIBLIOGRAPHY 
BIBLE. ENGLISH—VERSIONS 
Bible. English. Authorized. 1968 
Bible. English. Authorized. Selections. 1968 
Bible. English. Shorthand 
Bible. English. Smith. 1970 
Bible. English. Lessons, Liturgical. 1931 
Bible. English. Paraphrases. 1967 
Bible. English. Selections. 1968 
Bible. English (Basic English) 1950 


Upanishads. 

1966 

Upanishads. 

1957 

Upanishads. 

1958 

Upanishads. 
1962 

Upanishads. 

1958 

Upanishads. 

1965 

Upanishads. 

1899 

Upanishads. 

1943 

UPANISHADS. 


[reference] 


- 65 - 


Bible. 

Latin. 

Vulgate. 1969 



Bible. 

Latin. 

Selections. 1832 



Bible. 

Polyglot. 1901 



Bible. 

Welsh. 

1828 



Bible. 

1 Esdras (Apocrypha) 


[reference] 

Bible. 

1 John 


[reference] 

Bible. 

2 Esdras (Apocrypha) 


[reference] 

Bible. 

2 John 


[reference] 

Bible. 

3 John 


[reference] 

Bible. 

4 Esdras (Vulgate) 


[reference] 

Bible. 

Amos 



[reference] 

Bible. 

Corinthians 


[reference] 

*Bible. 

Esdras 



[reference] 

Bible. 

Harmonies 


[reference] 

Bible. 

John 



[reference] 

Bible. 

Judges 



[reference] 

Bible. 

Lessons, Liturgical 


[reference] 

BIBLE. 

MANUSCRIPTS, ANGLO-NORMAN 



Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek 



Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek. Codex Alexandrinus 


Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek. N.T. 

Acts. Codex 6l4 

Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek. N.T. 

Codex Bezae 


Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek. N.T. 

Gospels. Codex Q, 

Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek. N.T. 

Revelation 


BIBLE. 

MANUSCRIPTS, GREEK. N.T. 

SCOTT-BROWN MS.„ 

Bible. 

Manuscripts, Greek. O.T. 



Bible. 

Manuscripts, Latin. N.T. 

Acts 


Bible. 

Manuscripts, Latin. N.T. 

Codex Bez££ 


Bible. 

N. T. — 

■THEOLOGY 



Bible. 

N.T. 

Arabic. l 6 l 6 



BIBLE. 

N.T. 

ENGLISH—VER SI ONS 



Bible. 

N.T. 

English. 1904 



Bible. 

N.T. 

English. Barclay. 

1968 


Bible. 

N.T. 

English. Today’s English. 1970 


Bible. 

N.T. 

English. Paraphrases. 1792 . 


Bible. 

N.T. 

Polyglot. 1964 



BIBLE. 

N.T. 

1 CORINTHIANS—COMMENTARIES 


Bible. 

N.T. 

1 Corinthians. English. l84l . 


Bible. 

N.T. 

1 John 



Bible. 

N.T. 

1 Thessalonians 



Bible. 

N.T. 

2 Corinthians 



Bible. 

N.T. 

2 John 



Bible. 

N.T. 

2 Thessalonians 



Bible. 

N.T. 

3 John 



Bible. 

N.T. 

ACTS—COMMENTARIES 



Bible. 

N.T. 

Acts. English. 1876 


Bible. 

N.T. 

Corinthians. German. 1923 


Bible. 

N.T. 

Epistles of John 


[reference] 



- 66 - 


BIBLE. 

N.T. 

GOSPELS—COMMENTARIES 


*Bible. 

N.T. 

Gospels. English. Phillips. 

1952 

Bible. 

N.T. 

Gospels. English. Harmonies. 

1948 

*Bible. 

N.T. 

John 

[reference] 

BIBLE. 

N.T. 

JOHN— C OMMENTAKIES 


Bible. 

N.T. 

John. English. Phillips. 1969 

Bible. 

N.T. 

Thessalonians. Polyglot. 1965 


Bible. 

Nehemiah 

[reference] 

BIBLE. 

0. T. - 

-COMMENTARIES 


Bible. 

O.T. 

English. 1851 


Bible. 

O.T. 

English. Lessons, Liturgical. 

1921 

Bible. 

O.T. 

English. Paraphrases. 1966 


Bible. 

O.T. 

English. Selections. 1950 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Yiddish. 1909 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Amos. English. Revised Standard. 1969 

Bible. 

O.T. 

Apocrypha. 1 Esdras. Greek. 

1929 

Bible. 

O.T. 

Apocrypha. 2 Esdras. English. 

1953 

Bible. 

O.T. 

Apocrypha. Baruch. Hebrew. 1879 

Bible. 

O.T. 

Chronicles. Hebrew. 1957 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Ecclesiastes. Hebrew. 1965 


*Bible. 

O.T. 

Esdras 

[reference] 

Bible. 

O.T. 

Judges. English. 1968 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Proverbs. Japanese. 1967 


BIBLE. 

O.T. 

PSA IMS I, 3 —MEDITATIONS 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Psalms I-VIII. Hebrew. 1850 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Psalms I-X. Hebrew. 1723 


BIBLE. 

O.T. 

PSALMS I-XLI—MEDITATIONS 


BIBLE. 

O.T. 

PSA IMS II—COMMENTARIES 


BIBLE. 

O.T. 

PSA IMS VII 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Psalms XVII-CXVIII. Greek. 1967 

Bible. 

O.T. 

Psalms XXIII. English. 1933 


Bible. 

O.T. 

Song of Solomon. Arabic. 1940 


BIBLE. 

O.T. 

ZEPHANIAH—PROPHECIES 


Bible. 

Paraphrases 

[reference] 

Bible. 

Proverbs 

[reference] 

Bible. 

Selections 

[reference] 

Bible. 

Thessalonians 

[reference] 

Bible. 

Zephaniah 

[reference] 

Musical Works 




19 . 2 . 

Uniform filing titles for musical works include subordinate ele¬ 
ments that describe type of score, opus number, catalog number, key, 
instrumentation, etc. When different types of subordinate elements occur 


- 67 - 


in the same relative position (for example, as the second element in the 
field), the fields are grouped in the following order: 

a. Date 

b. Language 

c. Form subheading, including musical form (e.g., arr., cadenza, 

libretto, organ-vocal score, selections, texts) 

d. Part, including catalog number, instrumentation, key, opus 

number (e.g., intermezzo, K. 297 c (299), strings, F major, 
no. 2 ) 

Note that form subheadings such as "selections" are included in the third 
group in this rule for musical works, not as parts as is specified in 
Rule 19*1* 


19.2.1. Treatment of "Fhonodisc" 

When the term Phonodisc is used with the uniform filing title 
for a musical work, it is treated as a qualifier according to the terms 
of Rule 5-5* 

Examples 

Entries under Telemann, Georg Philipp, 168 I-I 767 

The baroque art of Telemann [reference] 

[Concerto, 2 flutes & string orchestra, 

A major; arr. ] 

[Concerto, 2 recorders & string orchestra, 
major] 

[Concerto, 3 oboes, 3 violins & continuo, 
major] 

[Concerto, 3 trumpets, 2 oboes & string 
orchestra, D major] 

[Concerto, flute & string orchestra, G major] 

[Concerto, flute, oboe d'amore & bass, G major] 

Concerto, in A major, Ouverture in D major 
[and] Trio in E minor 


[reference] 




- 68 - 


[Concerto, oboe & string orchestra, 

C minor] 

[Concerto, oboe & string orchestra, 

F minor] Phonodisc 

[Concerto, recorder, oboe, violin & continuo, 

A minor] 

[Concerto, trumpet, 2 oboes & continuo, 

D major] 

[Concerto polonoise, string orchestra, 

G major] 

[Concertos. Selections] Phonodisc 
[Fantasia, viola da gamba, D major] 

[Fantasias, harpsichord. Selections] Phonodisc 
[Fantasias, harpsichord. Selections; arr.] 
[Fantasias, harpsichord. No. 1-12] Phonodisc 
[Harmonischer Gottesdienst. Selections] 
[Harmonischer Gottesdienst. Deine Toten 
werden leben.] 

[Ich weiss, dass mein Erloser lebt. German] 
[Ich weiss, dass mein Erloser lebt; arr.] 

[Ich weiss, dass mein Erloser lebt. Piano- 
vocal score. English & German] 

[Passion (St. Mark: 1759) German] Phonodisc 
[Passion (St. Matthew: 1750) ] Phonodisc 
[Works. Selections] 

[Works, instrumental. Selections] Phonodisc 
[Works, organ] 

Works for woodwinds 


Entries under Mozart, Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang 
Amadeus, 1756-1791 

[Concerto, 2 pianos, K. ^>l6 & ( 565 ) major] 
[Concerto, 5 pianos, K. 242, F major] 
[Concerto, clarinet, K. 622, A major. 

Cadenza (Cioffi) ] 

[Concerto, clarinet, K. 622, A major. 
Selections; arr.] 

[Concerto, clarinet, K. 622, A major. 

Adagio; arr.] 

Concerto, no. 7> in 1 major, for violin and 
orchestra, K,271 a 

Concerto, no. 7; in F major, for three 
pianos and orchestra, K. 242 
Concerto, no. 12, in A, K. 4l4 
*[Concerto, piano, 4 hands] 

[Concerto, piano, K. 57 , F major; arr.] 


[reference] 


[reference] 

[reference] 

[reference] 


- 69 - 


[Concerto, 
[Concerto, 
[Concerto, 
[Concerto, 
[Concerto, 
[Concerto, 
[Concerto, 


piano, 
piano, 
piano, 
piano, 
piano, 
piano, 
piano, 


K. 39; major; arr.] 
K. 173; D major; arr.] 
K. 238 ; major] 

K. 385^; A major] 

K. 386 a (bib) A major] 
K. 387 a (413) F major] 
K. 387 b (415) C major] 


Concerto, piano, no. 8, C major 
[Concerto, violin, K. 219, A major] 

Concerto for basson and orchestra, no. 2, 
in B flat 

[Concertos. Selections] Fhonodisc 
[Concertos, horn] 

[Concertos, piano. Selections. 

Cadenzas (Fischer)] 

[Don Giovanni.] 

[Don Giovanni. German & Italian] 

[Don Giovanni. Italian] 

[Don Giovanni; arr.] 

[Don Giovanni. Libretto. English] 

[Don Giovanni. Piano-vocal score. 

English & Italian] 

[Don Giovanni. Selections.] 

[Don Giovanni. Batti, batti, o bel masetto, 
arranged] 

[Don Giovanni. Overture] 


[reference] 

[reference] 


- 70 - 


20. Words with Apostrophes 

Elided words, possessives, and other words with apostrophes are 
arranged as one word, disregarding the apostrophe, except as noted in 
Rule 20.1. 


Examples 

J. W. Morgan collection 

Ja.' 

J’accuse.' 

Jackson Hole with a naturalist 
J'ai vu des soucoupes volantes 
Jeanne Damon's quick knits 
Jeanne d'Arc au bUcher 
Jean's opportunity 
J'exige la parole 
Jexium Island 

The do's 

Dos accidentes do trabalho 
Do's and don'ts for musicians 
Dos and don'ts for notaries 
Do's and dont's in Europe, 195^ 

The do's and don't's of flute playing 
Dos and donts of radio writing 
Dos ahos bajo el terror 


20.1. Elided Initial Articles 

When the first part of the elision is an initial article in the 
nominative case, it is generally ignored; see Rule 13 for specific details. 




AIDS TO CATALOG USE 


The arrangement of entries in a large bibliographic file cannot 
be suitable for various types of searches and at the same time be so 
simple that it is self-explanatory. Regular users of a file should be 
familiar with the general principles of its arrangement, but it is unre¬ 
alistic to expect that many of them will know the rules well enough to 
locate every entry without some guidance. Infrequent users are obvi¬ 
ously in need of still more help. Thus, even the most consistent set 
of rules must be explained by various devices that are readily available 
to users. This need is especially great in the case of the present rules 
because the principles of arrangement differ significantly from those 
familiar to many users. 

Types of Aids 

The following aids should be provided to explain the structure 
of the catalog: 

1. A detailed filing manual . This is a necessity for filers 
and frequent users of the catalog. 

2. A brief version of the essential rules . This should be 
posted prominently at various points in the area of the card catalog, 
included at the beginning of each volume of the book catalog, and made 
available to individual users in sheet and/or card form. 

3 . Information cards and references . Three types are needed: 
categorical references, specific filing references, and arrangement 


- 71 - 







cards. They should be interspersed at appropriate points in the catalog 
itself. The following sections give a detailed description of the con¬ 
tent and use of each type. 

Categorical References 

A categorical reference briefly explains a particular rule> des¬ 
cribes its effect on entries in variant forms, and points to other parts 
of the file where they may be found. By functioning as a general refer¬ 
ence for a category of headings (e.g., those beginning with a numeral), 
a categorical reference minimizes the need for specific filing references. 
Figure 2 gives an example of a categorical reference. 

This type' of catalog aid is filed with sizable groups of entries 
under variant forms of the same item. For example, the explanation of 
the treatment of numbers belongs with entries beginning with numerals 
and with groups of entries beginning with specific numbers expressed in 
words (e.g., one, one hundred). 

For a card catalog, arrangement cards and categorical references 
should be printed on 3 l/V x 5" stock with the caption along the top 
edge so that they protrude above neighboring cards. Only one categori¬ 
cal reference of a given kind is needed in a catalog drawer. In a book 
catalog, the categorical reference should be printed in the top right- 
hand corner of an odd-numbered page. It is not necessary to have the 
same categorical reference on every two-page spread of a given group 
of entries, but the information should be repeated every b-6 pages when 
there is a long sequence of entries of one kind. 



- 73 - 


Categorical references should be made to explain the following 
rules: abbreviations, hyphenated words (file only under common prefixes); 
initials and acronyms (only with entries filed as separate letters); names 
with prefixes (file only under common prefixes); numerals- The need for 
categorical references for other rules would be dictated by the structure 
and size of a given file. 

Specific Filing References 

A reference should be made for a specific heading or group of 
headings that, by the rules, may be located in an unusual position in 
the file. It is made by reconstructing the heading so that the refer¬ 
ence can be filed by the rules in a desired alternative location. Fig¬ 
ure 3 gives an example of a filing reference for a group of headings. 
Figure ^ exemplifies a filing reference for a single heading. This type 
of catalog aid supplements references from alternative forms of heading 
required by the cataloging rules. 

Arrangement Cards 

The arrangement of entries under certain headings (typically 
uniform titles and voluminous authors) is frequently so complex that a 
user cannot be expected to find his way without assistance. To allevi¬ 
ate his problems, the arrangement of the group of entries should be des¬ 
cribed briefly on a card that is filed at the beginning of the group. 

In a long file (such as entries for the Bible), it may be desirable to 
intersperse several such cards at strategic points. Figure 5 gives an 
example of an arrangement card. 




- 74 - 


Figure 2.—Categorical reference 


Information Card: Treatment of Numbers 

Numbers expressed as numerals (e.g., 4, 1984, XX) 
precede words consisting of letters and they are arranged 
according to their numerical value (roman numerals are 
treated like arabic numerals). 

Numbers expressed as words (e.g., four, nineteen 
eighty-four, twenty) are filed alphabetically. 

If you do not find what you want in this portion of 
the catalog, look under the alternative form. When look¬ 
ing for a verbal form, bear in mind that it will appear 
in the language of the item you are seeking and that the 
verbal form may be expressed in any one of several ways 
(e.g., one hundred, a hundred) which file in different 
places in the catalog. 


Figure 3 .—Filing reference for a group of headings 


U.S. Army. Infantry 

Entries for headings with a numeral before the last 
part of this heading (e.g., U.S. Army. 1st Infantry) are 
in the group of headings arranged in numerical order after 
subject headings for U.S. Army and before headings begin¬ 
ning U.S. Army. A... 

Each numbered infantry will be found in its alphabet¬ 
ical place in the group of headings beginning with that 
numeral. 


J 







- 75 - 


Figure 4.—Filing reference for a single heading 


TREES—WEST 
see 

TREES—THE WEST [filed under The] 


Figure 5*—Arrangement card 


Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1&3 2 

Entries under this heading are grouped as follows: 

Works written, edited, or translated by the author 
and works to which he contributed in some other manner 
are arranged by title. Made-up titles* are filed alpha¬ 
betically among individual titles. 

Under each title, the groupings are as follows: 
l) editions in the original language and added entries 
for related works, by date; 2) works about the title, 
by author, title, and date; 3) translations of the work, 
by language and date. 

Works about the author are arranged by author of 
the work, title, and date. 

Correspondence, Plays, Poems, Selected Works, Selec¬ 
tions, Works 






INDEX 


References are to pages; underlining 
indicates a reference to an example. 


A. D. dates, 5°-51 
Abbr eviations, 28 

categorical references, 75 
U.S., 44-45 
Acronyms, 42-45 
Added entries 

functional order, 22 
subordinate fields, 25-26 
Aids to catalog use, 71-75 
Ampersand (&), 60-6l 

foreign equivalents, 60 
Anglo-Saxon J, 58 
Apostrophes 

in names with prefixes, 46 
in words, 70 
Arabic names, 5§. 

Arabic numerals, 2, 47-56 
Arrangement cards, 75-75 
Author-title entries 

subordinate fields, 25-26 
treatment, 19-21 

B. C. dates, 50-51 
Bible, 16 , 64-66 

arrangement cards, 75 
Bibliographic titles 

inclusion in filing entry, 25-26 
leading element, 8-9 
Bishop’s see, 6-7, 10 

Cardinal numerals, 48-50 
Catalog use aids, 71-75 
Categorical references, 72-74 
'’Century" in period subdivisions, 51 
Characters: definition, xi-xii 
Characters ignored in filing 
punctuation, 5 , 42-45 
signs and symbols, 59 * 61-62 
Chronological arrangement, 50-52 
Clan names, 6 , 10 
Corporate names 

initial articles, 59-40 
initials for, 42-45 

- 76 


inverted, 10, 15 
leading element, 7 
placement, 10, 14-15 
qualified, 14-15 
relators, 29-51 

Dates, 50-52 

in forenames, 11 
in surnames, 12-15 
in uniform titles, l6, 64-66 
with month and day, 52 
Decimals, 48-50 
Diacritical marks, 1-2 
Dynasty name, 6, 10 

Elements, 4 
definition, xi 
identification, 5-9 
leading element order, 10 
subordinate element order, 11-18 
Elements ignored in filing, 4, 
29-50 

Elisions, 70 

in personal or place names, 46 
of initial articles, 55 
English initial articles, 58-59 

Family names 

leading element, 7 
placement, 6 , 10 
Fields 

definition, xi-xii 
functional order, 22 
subarrangement, 25-26 
subject subdivisions, 19-21 
Filing: basic order, 1-5 
Filing entries 

definition, xi-xii 
identical, 27 
subordinate fields, 25-26 
Filing manual, 71 
Filing references, 75-75 







- 77 - 


Filing rules in brief form, 71 
Filing titles 

and uniform title headings, 24 
for musical works, 66-69 
form subheadings, 63-66 
inclusion in filing entry, 23-26 
leading element, 8 
subordinate elements, l 6 
Forenames 

and terms of honor and address, 

31 

in names consisting of symbols, 
61-62 

in surname fields, 12 
leading element, 6 
placement, 10 , 11 
subordinate elements, 5 - 6 , 11 
see also Personal names 
Form and topical subdivisions, 
17-18 

Form subheadings 

in music filing titles, 67-69 
in personal name fields, 20-21 
in uniform titles, 63-66 
Fractions, 48-50 
Functional order of identical 
fields, 22 

Geographical subdivisions, 17-18 
German Jfs, 58 

Glossary of filing terms, xi-xii 
"Gt. Brit.," 28 

Greek alphabet transliteration, 
57-58 ' 

"Harmonies," 63-66 
Heading changes for consistent 
filing, 45, 56 
"House of," 6 , 10 
Hyphenated words, 32 

need for categorical references, 

72-73 

Icelandic 3 and?, 58 
Imprint dates, 23-26 
Incomplete dates, 51 
Information cards, 71-75 


Initial articles, 33-^1 
elided, 33 , 38-40, 70 
in English, 38-39 
in foreign languages, 3^-37 
Initialisms, Changes in, 45 
Initials, 42-45 

need for categorical references, 

73 

Language in uniform titles, l 6 , 

64-66 , 67-69 
Leading elements, 5-9 
bibliographic titles, 8-9 
corporate names, 7 
definition, xi-xii 
family names, 7 
filed as surnames, 10 
forenames, 6 
order, 10 , 11-18 
place names, 7 
surnames, 6-7 

topical subject headings, 9 
uniform titles, 8 
"Lessons, Liturgical," 63-66 
Letters, Modified, 1 
Letters, Nonroman, 57-58 
Letters, Order of, 1 
Letters, Special, 58 

Main entry 

functional order, 22 
subordinate fields, 23-26 
"Manuscripts," 63-66 
Marks of omission, 42-45 
Modified letters, .1 
Motion pictures, 8 
Music filing titles, 66-69 
Music topical subject headings, 
55-56 

Names with prefixes, 46 
Nobleman’s title, 6 , 10 
Nonalphanumeric characters, 59-62 
Nonbook material, 8 
Nonroman alphabets, 57-58 
Numerals, 2, 47-56 

categorical references, 73-74 




- 78 - 


internal, 53-56 
punctuation, 47 
with signs and symbols, 59 
Numeration in forenames, 5-^, 11 

Ordinal numerals, 48-50 

"Paraphrases," 63-66 
Parenthetical qualifiers 

in corporate names, 13, 15 
in forenames, 11 
in place names, 14 
in topical subject headings, 17 
in uniform titles, 15 
Part (of a larger work) 

and form subheadings, 63-66 
in music filing titles, 67-69 
in uniform titles, l6, 63-66 
Period subdivisions, 17-18, 50-52 
Personal names 

arrangement by dates, 50, 52 
consisting of symbols, 6l-62 
initial articles, 38-39 
initials for, 42-45 
leading element, 6-7 
placement, 10 

with form subheadings, 20-21 
with prefixes, 46 
with relators, 29-31 
see also Forenames; Surnames 
"Phonodisc," 67-69 
Phonorecord, 8 
Place names 

initial articles, 38-39 
leading element, 7 
placement, 10, 13-14, 20-21 
qualified, 13-14 
with prefixes, 46 
Prefixes 

categorical references, 73 
in hyphenated words, 32 
in names, 46 
Punctuation, 3 

in forename qualifiers, 11 
in numerals, 47-50 
in uniform title qualifiers, 15 
Punctuation, Significant and non¬ 
significant, 5, 7, 9 


definition, xi-xii 

in topical subject headings, 9 

Qualified dates, 52 
Qualifying words 

differences in punctuation, 11 

15 

for nonbook material, 8 
in corporate names, 14-15 
in forenames, 11 
in music filing titles, 67-69 
in names consisting of symbols, 
61-62 

in place names, 13-14 
in surnames, 12 

in topical subject headings, 17 
in uniform titles, 15-16 

Relators, 29-31 

in names consisting of symbols, 
6l-62 

Roman numerals, 2, 47—50 
Romanized letters, 57-58 
Romanized title, 23-26 

See and see also references 
aids to catalog use, 71-75 
functional order, 22 
"Selections," 63-66 
Serial titles, 8 
Short titles, 8-9 
Signs and symbols, 3, 42-43 * 

49-50 , 59-62 
ampersand, 60-6l 
names consisting of, 6l-62 
Special letters, 58 
Subject entry 

functional order, 22 
subordinate fields, 23-26 
Subject subdivisions, 17-18, 19-21 
Subordinate elements 
definition, xi-xii 
order of, 11-18 

Subordinate fields. Selection of, 
23-26 

Subscript and superscript num¬ 
erals, 49-50 






- 79 - 


Surnames 

leading element, 6-7 
placement, 10, 12-13 
subordinate element, 12-13 
see also Personal names 
Symbols 

see Signs and Symbols 

Terms of address for married 
women, 31 

Titles (main or added entry) 
leading element, 8-9 
placement, 10 
subordinate fields, 23-26 
see also Bibliographic titles 
Filing titles 
Romanized titles 
Uniform titles 
Titles of honor, 31 
"To" in period subdivisions, 51 
Topical subdivisions, 17-18 
Topical subject headings 
initial articles, 38-39 
inverted, 9 , 17-18 
leading element, 9 
placement, 10, 17 
punctuation, 9 
qualified, 17 
Turkish 1, 58 

U. S. Army, 54-55 
U.S. Congress, 53-54 


Uniform title headings 
and filing titles, 24 
and uniform titles, 8 
inclusion in filing entry, 23-26 
Uniform titles 

arrangement cards, 73 
definition for filing, 8 
for musical works, 66-69 
form subheadings, 63-66 
leading element, 8 
placement, 16-17, 63-69 
qualified, l6 
subordinate elements, l6 
subordinate fields, 23-26 

Version in uniform titles, l6, 

64-66 

Words: definition, xi-xii 
Words added in filing, 4 
dates, 51 

Words changed in filing 
ampersand, 60-61 
nonarabic numerals, 47-50 
nonroman letters, 57-58 
Words ignored in filing, 4 
initial articles, 33-40 
qualifications of dates, 52 
Words transposed in filing 

dates in period subdivisions, 51 
dates with month and day, 52 
terms of honor and address, 31 










































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